(a) Baseline characteristics in adults (means ± standard deviations). “+” measure present, “−” measure absent.
| Telemedicine | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial benefit | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | |
| Dual diet | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | |
| Calorie restriction | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
| N | 34 | 28 | 24 | 35 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 142 |
| Age (y) | 41 ± 6 | 38 ± 4 | 40 ± 7 | 38 ± 4 | 40 ± 8 | 39 ± 5 | 39 ± 4 | 38 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 |
| Male/female (n) | 16/18 | 10/18 | 7/17 | 11/24 | 2/5 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 1/3 | 51/91 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||||
| current | 11 (32.4) | 10 (35.7) | 4 (16.7) | 10 (28.6) | / | / | 1 (20.0) | / | 36 (25.4) |
| former | 12 (35.3) | 10 (35.7) | 6 (25.0) | 14 (40.0) | / | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (25.0) | 45 (31.7) |
| never | 11 (32.4) | 8 (28.6) | 14 (58.3) | 11 (31.4) | 7 (100) | 4 (80.0) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (75.0) | 61 (43.0) |
| Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 3 (8.8) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (5.7) | / | / | / | / | 7 (4.9) |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 34 ± 6 | 33 ± 5 | 33 ± 6 | 33 ± 5 | 34 ± 8 | 33 ± 4 | 31 ± 3 | 37 ± 3 | 33 ± 6 |
| Height (cm) | 175 ± 9 | 172 ± 8 | 170 ± 9 | 170 ± 9 | 171 ± 13 | 175 ± 7 | 171 ± 12 | 168 ± 8 | 172 ± 9 |
| Weight (kg) | 104 ± 19 | 99 ± 17 | 95 ± 21 | 95 ± 16 | 102 ± 32 | 100 ± 12 | 90 ± 12 | 105 ± 17 | 99 ± 19 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 110 ± 13 | 107 ± 12 | 106 ± 13 | 106 ± 13 | 99 ± 8 | 105 ± 8 | 102 ± 12 | 114 ± 12 | 107 ± 12 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 138 ± 20 | 132 ± 11 | 130 ± 22 | 127 ± 23 | 121 ± 22 | 132 ± 19 | 126 ± 15 | 119 ± 19 | 131 ± 20 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 87 ± 11 | 84 ± 17 | 82 ± 12 | 82 ± 11 | 76 ± 14 | 80 ± 7 | 82 ± 13 | 78 ± 15 | 83 ± 12 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.9 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 62 ± 37 | 49 ± 23 | 51 ± 29 | 57 ± 31 | 50 ± 23 | 95 ± 66 | 54 ± 16 | 87 ± 37 | 57 ± 33 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
| Triacylgylcerol (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 1.2 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.3 ± 6.8 | 3.3 ± 3.7 | 4.2 ± 4.1 | 4.3 ± 5.2 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 21.7 ± 25.1 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 7.2 |