Table 2. Relative Risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for coronary heart disease according to fifths of intake of major sources of dietary protein.
| Fifths | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | P for trend |
RR for 1 serving/day |
|
| Total Meat | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.79 | 1.15 | 1.46 | 1.82 | 2.48 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.93,1.16) |
1.09 (0.97,1.22) |
1.19 (1.07,1.34) |
1.59 (1.43,1.77) |
<0.0001 | 1.26 (1.21, 1.32) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.90,1.13) |
1.00 (0.88,1.13) |
1.01 (0.89,1.15) |
1.22 (1.06,1.40) |
<0.01 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) |
| Red Meat | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.49 | 0.83 | 1.14 | 1.50 | 2.11 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.15 (1.02,1.29) |
1.18 (1.05,1.32) |
1.33 (1.19,1.49) |
1.75 (1.57,1.95) |
<0.0001 | 1.32 (1.26, 1.38) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.97,1.23) |
1.06 (0.93,1.20) |
1.10 (0.97,1.26) |
1.29 (1.12,1.49) |
<0.001 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) |
|
Red Meat, Excluding Processed
Meat |
|||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 1.17 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84,1.06) |
1.11 (0.99,1.24) |
1.07 (0.95,1.20) |
1.50 (1.35,1.66) |
<0.0001 | 1.46 (1.36, 1.58) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.81,1.03) |
0.99 (0.88,1.12) |
0.93 (0.81,1.06) |
1.13 (0.99,1.30) |
0.02 | 1.19 (1.07, 1.32) |
| Poultry | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.56 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.98,1.23) |
0.84 (0.74,0.96) |
0.83 (0.73,0.93) |
0.80 (0.70,0.92) |
<0.0001 | 0.73 (0.61, 0.88) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96,1.20) |
0.91 (0.80,1.04) |
0.94 (0.83,1.06) |
0.92 (0.80,1.06) |
0.02 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) |
| Fish | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.43 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.55,0.74) |
0.86 (0.78,0.94) |
0.59 (0.53,0.66) |
0.67 (0.60,0.74) |
<0.0001 | 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.65,0.87) |
0.94 (0.85,1.03) |
0.76 (0.68,0.86) |
0.81 (0.72,0.90) |
<0.001 | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) |
| Ratio of red meat to poultry | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 1.41 | 2.83 | 4.53 | 7.32 | 13.86 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.99,1.26) |
1.35 (1.21,1.52) |
1.41 (1.25,1.58) |
1.78 (1.59,1.99) |
<0.0001 | |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.89,1.14) |
1.14 (1.01,1.28) |
1.11 (0.98,1.25) |
1.26 (1.11,1.43) |
<0.0001 | |
|
Ratio of red meat to poultry and
fish |
|||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.77 | 1.59 | 2.48 | 3.83 | 7.14 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.04,1.32) |
1.32 (1.17,1.49) |
1.54 (1.37,1.74) |
1.82 (1.62,2.05) |
<0.0001 | |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.94,1.21) |
1.12 (0.98,1.27) |
1.22 (1.07,1.39) |
1.28 (1.12,1.46) |
0.0001 | |
| High fat dairy | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.33 | 0.69 | 1.07 | 1.57 | 3.00 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.71,0.89) |
0.86 (0.77,0.96) |
0.89 (0.80,0.99) |
1.15 (1.04,1.27) |
<0.0001 | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.77,0.96) |
0.91 (0.81,1.02) |
0.93 (0.83,1.04) |
1.09 (0.97,1.22) |
<0.01 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
| Low fat dairy | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 1.14 | 2.32 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.61,0.76) |
0.63 (0.57,0.70) |
0.63 (0.56,0.70) |
0.67 (0.60,0.74) |
<0.0001 | 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.71,0.89) |
0.81 (0.73,0.91) |
0.83 (0.75,0.93) |
0.90 (0.80,1.01) |
0.66 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.04) |
| Eggs | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.79 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.82,1.03) |
0.74 (0.64,0.85) |
1.17 (1.05,1.30) |
0.98 (0.87,1.11) |
0.12 | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85,1.07) |
0.83 (0.72,0.96) |
1.11 (1.00,1.23) |
0.96 (0.85,1.09) |
0.74 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) |
| Nuts | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.40 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.54,0.68) |
0.85 (0.77,0.94) |
0.63 (0.57,0.70) |
0.54 (0.48,0.60) |
<0.0001 | 0.63 (0.52, 0.75) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.65,0.82) |
0.91 (0.82,1.00) |
0.76 (0.67,0.84) |
0.68 (0.60,0.76) |
<0.0001 | 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) |
| Beans | |||||||
| Median servings/day | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.14 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.56 (0.48,0.66) |
0.73 (0.65,0.82) |
0.83 (0.76,0.91) |
0.75 (0.67,0.83) |
<0.0001 | 0.48 (0.31, 0.73) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.58,0.81) |
0.89 (0.78,1.00) |
0.92 (0.84,1.01) |
0.89 (0.80,0.99) |
0.17 | 0.76 (0.50, 1.14) |
*
Multivariable model includes: age (months), time period (13 periods), total energy (fifths of Kcal), cereal fiber (fifths of g/day), alcohol (fifths of g/day), trans-fat (fifths of g/day), body mass index (10 categories), cigarette smoking (never, past, current 1-14 cig/day, current 14-25 cig/day, current 25+ cig/day), menopausal status (pre-menopausal, postmenopausal with no history of hormone replacement, postmenopausal with history of hormone replacement, postmenopausal with current hormone replacement), parental history of early myocardial infarction (before age 65 for mother or age 55 for father), multivitamin use (fifths of yrs), vitamin E supplement use (yes/no), aspirin use at least once per week (yes/no), physical exercise (<3, 3-9, 9-18, 18-27, 27+ metabolic equivalents/week).