Table 2.
Distribution of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural participants of the Indian Migration Study by age and sex. Values are percentages (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwise
| Men’s age groups (years) | Women’s age groups (years) | All ages | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20–29 (n=268) | 30–39 (n=391) | 40–49 (n=428) | 50–59 (n=214) | 60–69 (n=74) | P value* | 20–29 (n=76) | 30–39 (n=156) | 40–49 (n=196) | 50–59 (n=151) | 60–69 (n=29) | P value* | Men (n=1375) | Women (n=608) | P value* | |||
| Smoke tobacco† | 7.1 (4.3 to 10.8) | 18.4 (14.7 to 22.6) | 22.4 (18.6 to 26.7) | 34.1 (27.8 to 40.9) | 23.0 (14.0 to 34.2) | <0.001 | 0 (0 to 4.7) | 0 (0 to 2.3) | 0.5 (0 to 2.8) | 2.0 (0.4 to 5.7) | 3.4 (0.1 to 17.8) | 0.024 | 20.1 (18.1 to 22.4) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Chew tobacco† | 28.0 (22.7 to 33.8) | 28.4 (24.0 to 33.1) | 20.6 (16.8 to 24.7) | 20.1 (14.9 to 26.1) | 20.3 (11.8 to 31.2) | 0.004 | 0 (0 to 4.7) | 1.9 (0.4 to 5.5) | 3.1 (1.1 to 6.5) | 8.6 (4.7 to 14.3) | 13.8 (3.9 to 31.7) | <0.001 | 24.1 (21.9 to 26.5) | 4.3 (2.8 to 6.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol use‡ | 11.2 (7.7 to 15.6) | 23.5 (19.4 to 28.1) | 24.8 (20.7 to 29.1) | 31.3 (25.2 to 38.0) | 28.4 (18.5 to 40.1) | <0.001 | 5.3 (1.5 to 12.9) | 1.9 (0.4 to 5.5) | 6.1 (3.2 to 10.5) | 9.3 (5.2 to 15.1) | 6.9 (0.8 to 22.8) | 0.043 | 23.0 (20.8 to 25.3) | 5.8 (4.0 to 7.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Low physical activity§ | 60.2 (54.0 to 66.1) | 74.3 (69.6 to 78.6) | 75.1 (70.7 to 79.1) | 75.5 (69.1 to 81.1) | 71.2 (59.4 to 81.2) | 0.002 | 72.4 (60.9 to 82.0) | 76.1 (68.6 to 82.6) | 77.2 (70.6 to 82.9) | 74.7 (66.9 to 81.4) | 57.1 (37.2 to 75.5) | 0.460 | 71.8 (69.3 to 74.2) | 74.8 (71.1 to 78.2) | 0.180 | ||
| Low fruit and vegetable intake¶ | 63.8 (57.7 to 69.6) | 65.2 (60.3 to 69.9) | 70.1 (65.5 to 74.4) | 73.8 (67.4 to 79.6) | 75.7 (64.3 to 84.9) | 0.002 | 65.8 (54.0 to 76.3) | 71.2 (63.4 to 78.1) | 76.0 (69.4 to 81.8) | 81.5 (74.3 to 87.3) | 93.1 (77.2 to 99.2) | <0.001 | 68.4 (65.8 to 70.8) | 75.7 (72.0 to 79.0) | 0.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.1 (2.7) | 21.7 (3.6) | 22.7 (4.1) | 21.7 (3.9) | 21.6 (3.6) | <0.001 | 20.5 (3.7) | 22.6 (3.9) | 23.2 (4.5) | 23.7 (4.7) | 21.8 (4.3) | <0.001 | 21.7 (3.8) | 22.8 (4.4) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) waist circumference (cm) | 74.3 (8.0) | 80.0 (10.4) | 83.9 (11.6) | 82.9 (11.2) | 82.4 (11.7) | <0.001 | 70.5 (9.1) | 74.3 (9.1) | 76.3 (10.8) | 78.3 (11.2) | 75.9 (11.1) | <0.001 | 80.7 (11.2) | 75.5 (10.5) | <0.001 | ||
| Median (IQR) triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.15 (0.85 –1.63) | 1.22 (0.90 –1.65) | 1.23 (0.92 –1.82) | 1.31 (0.97 –1.87) | 1.26 (0.94 –1.68) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.84 –1.60) | 1.23 (0.96 –1.69) | 1.29 (0.97 –1.79) | 1.3 (0.95 –1.79) | 1.76 (1.03 –2.57) | 0 | 1.23 (0.90 –1.74) | 1.27 (0.95 –1.79) | 0.35 | ||
| Mean (SD) HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.12 (0.23) | 1.17 (0.24) | 1.15 (0.24) | 1.14 (0.26) | 1.17 (0.24) | 0.280 | 1.20 (0.28) | 1.19 (0.24) | 1.18 (0.26) | 1.22 (0.27) | 1.18 (0.27) | 0.620 | 1.15 (0.24) | 1.2 (0.26) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.53 (0.86) | 2.72 (1.00) | 2.80 (0.98) | 2.88 (1.10) | 2.88 (0.97) | <0.001 | 2.60 (0.95) | 2.84 (0.91) | 2.99 (1.10) | 3.07 (1.07) | 3.33 (0.78) | <0.001 | 2.74 (0.99) | 2.94 (1.03) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.23 (0.97) | 4.52 (1.10) | 4.63 (1.14) | 4.70 (1.23) | 4.68 (1.07) | <0.001 | 4.39 (1.13) | 4.67 (1.07) | 4.83 (1.23) | 4.95 (1.17) | 5.34 (1.02) | <0.001 | 4.53 (1.12) | 4.79 (1.17) | <0.001 | ||
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.91 (1.01) | 3.99 (1.16) | 4.17 (1.23) | 4.26 (1.25) | 4.11 (1.03) | 0.001 | 3.78 (1.00) | 4.06 (1.16) | 4.22 (1.21) | 4.23 (1.32) | 4.69 (1.06) | <0.001 | 4.08 (1.17) | 4.15 (1.21) | 0.220 | ||
| Mean (SD) systolic BP (mm Hg) | 116.7 (11.5) | 119.2 (12.7) | 123.1 (17.3) | 128.4 (21.8) | 139.4 (24.5) | <0.001 | 108.0 (9.9) | 115.5 (14.8) | 121.7 (18.4) | 131.1 (22.0) | 131.5 (22.6) | <0.001 | 122.4 (17.3) | 121.2 (19.5) | 0.160 | ||
| Mean (SD) diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 72.8 (8.8) | 76.0 (10.3) | 77.8 (11.7) | 79.0 (12.6) | 81.4 (12.0) | <0.001 | 68.8 (7.9) | 75.6 (9.7) | 78.8 (11.6) | 80.5 (12.0) | 78.7 (12.9) | <0.001 | 76.7 (11.2) | 77.2 (11.5) | 0.430 | ||
| Median (IQR) fasting blood glucose (mmol/l)** | 4.72 (4.34 –5.27) | 4.99 (4.61 –5.44) | 5.05 (4.61 –5.38) | 5.16 (4.77 –5.61) | 5.27 (4.66 –5.51) | 0 | 4.77 (4.44 –5.16) | 4.88 (4.50 –5.27) | 5.05 (4.66 –5.44) | 5.16 (4.77 –5.55) | 5.22 (4.88 –5.55) | 0 | 1.23 (4.60 –5.44) | 1.27 (4.61 –5.38) | 0.86 | ||
| Mean (SD) height (cm) | 167 (6) | 166 (6) | 166 (6) | 166 (7) | 164 (6) | 0.003 | 153 (7) | 153 (6) | 152 (5) | 151 (5) | 150 (6) | <0.001 | 166 (6) | 152 (6) | <0.001 | ||
SD=standard deviation; IQR=interquartile range; HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; BP=blood pressure
*P values were obtained by fitting regression models with risk factors as the outcome and performing Wald tests on model parameters (logistic regression was used for binary variables and linear regression for continuous variables).
†Used on a daily basis any time in past 6 months.
‡Consumed on ≥10 days/month any time in past 6 months.
§Physical activity level ≤1.69.
¶<400 g/day.
**Excludes those taking anti-diabetic drugs (n=54)