Table 3.
Age standardised prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural participants of the Indian Migration Study by socioeconomic position. Values are percentages (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwise
| Men’s socioeconomic position* | Women’s socioeconomic position* | All socioeconomic position | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n=147) | Middle (n=358) | High (n=870) | P value† | Low (n=106) | Middle (n=143) | High (n=359) | P value† | Men (n=1375) | Women (n=608) | P value† | |||
| Smoke tobacco‡ | 36.8 (29.6 to 44.1) | 28.1 (23.5 to 32.7) | 14.7 (12.3 to 17.1) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.0 to 2.9) | 1.1 (0.0 to 2.6) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.8) | 0.200 | 20.8 (18.7 to 23.0) | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Chew tobacco‡ | 23.1 (16.2 to 30.0) | 25.5 (21.0 to 30.0) | 23.1 (20.3 to 25.9) | 0.570 | 7.6 (2.8 to 12.5) | 6.6 (3.1 to 10.1) | 2.0 (0.3 to 3.8) | 0.004 | 23.9 (21.7 to 26.2) | 3.8 (2.4 to 5.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol use§ | 33.7 (26.2 to 41.2) | 26.9 (22.3 to 31.5) | 20.2 (17.5 to 22.9) | <0.001 | 11.2 (5.6 to 16.8) | 8.1 (3.4 to 12.9) | 2.5 (1.0 to 4.1) | <0.001 | 23.5 (21.2 to 25.7) | 5.4 (3.7 to 7.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Low physical activity¶ | 65.2 (57.5 to 72.9) | 72.4 (67.8 to 77.0) | 72.9 (70.0 to 75.9) | 0.110 | 66.0 (54.5 to 77.4) | 73.5 (66.0 to 81.0) | 76.5 (72.0 to 81.0) | 0.084 | 72.1 (69.8 to 74.5) | 74.6 (71.0 to 78.1) | 0.340 | ||
| Low fruit and vegetable intake** | 81.0 (74.5 to 87.5) | 75.6 (71.2 to 79.9) | 63.6 (60.3 to 66.8) | <0.001 | 86.6 (77.5 to 95.7) | 78.5 (71.4 to 85.5) | 69.9 (65.2 to 74.7) | <0.001 | 68.6 (66.2 to 71.1) | 74.8 (71.3 to 78.3) | 0.005 | ||
| Overweight††: | |||||||||||||
| BMI ≥23 | 11.4 (6.4 to 16.5) | 20.2 (16.0 to 24.4) | 43.4 (40.2 to 46.7) | <0.001 | 24.4 (16.7 to 32.1) | 29.8 (22.4 to 37.3) | 51.0 (46.2 to 55.9) | <0.001 | 33.7 (31.2 to 36.1) | 41.9 (38.1 to 45.7) | <0.001 | ||
| BMI ≥25 | 5.0 (1.5 to 8.5) | 9.9 (6.8 to 13.1) | 25.4 (22.5 to 28.2) | <0.001 | 13.3 (7.2 to 19.4) | 19.2 (12.8 to 25.7) | 35.0 (30.3 to 39.7) | <0.001 | 18.8 (16.8 to 20.9) | 27.7 (24.2 to 31.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Abdominal obesity‡‡ | 6.6 (2.6 to 10.5) | 12.1 (8.8 to 15.5) | 28.2 (25.3 to 31.2) | <0.001 | 9.9 (4.6 to 15.2) | 11.6 (6.6 to 16.7) | 23.8 (19.5 to 28.1) | <0.001 | 21.4 (19.3 to 23.6) | 18.4 (15.4 to 21.4) | 0.120 | ||
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio ≥4.5 | 23.6 (16.8 to 30.4) | 23.4 (19.0 to 27.8) | 38.5 (35.3 to 41.7) | <0.001 | 32.2 (24.0 to 40.3) | 32.3 (24.7 to 39.9) | 35.7 (30.7 to 40.7) | 0.520 | 33.0 (30.5 to 35.5) | 34.6 (30.8 to 38.3) | 0.490 | ||
| Triglycerides ≥1.69 mmol/l | 20.9 (14.6 to 27.1) | 22.2 (17.9 to 26.6) | 29.8 (26.7 to 32.9) | 0.002 | 25.2 (15.0 to 35.4) | 19.7 (13.2 to 26.2) | 31.2 (26.3 to 36.0) | 0.062 | 26.9 (24.6 to 29.3) | 27.4 (23.8 to 31.0) | 0.930 | ||
| Hypertension§§ | 17.6 (12.1 to 23.2) | 17.1 (13.3 to 20.9) | 20.8 (18.2 to 23.5) | 0.130 | 17.8 (11.4 to 24.2) | 20.5 (14.1 to 26.9) | 25.3 (21.2 to 29.3) | 0.025 | 19.5 (17.5 to 21.5) | 21.9 (18.9 to 24.9) | 0.120 | ||
| Diabetes¶¶ | 1.8 (0.0 to 3.9) | 3.3 (1.4 to 5.2) | 8.0 (6.1 to 9.8) | <0.001 | 3.9 (0.8 to 6.9) | 5.2 (2.0 to 8.5) | 5.1 (2.9 to 7.2) | 0.620 | 6.0 (4.7 to 7.3) | 5.1 (3.5 to 6.8) | 0.470 | ||
| Underweight*** | 35.6 (27.8 to 43.5) | 29.3 (24.6 to 34.0) | 15.5 (13.1 to 17.8) | <0.001 | 29.8 (19.9 to 39.6) | 24.2 (16.9 to 31.6) | 12.9 (9.5 to 16.3) | <0.001 | 21.2 (19.1 to 23.4) | 17.9 (14.8 to 21.0) | 0.057 | ||
| Short stature††† | 36.0 (28.1 to 43.8) | 19.2 (15.2 to 23.3) | 16.2 (13.7 to 18.6) | <0.001 | 33.0 (21.7 to 44.3) | 29.5 (21.9 to 37.0) | 20.3 (16.1 to 24.6) | 0.010 | 18.9 (16.8 to 21.0) | 24.1 (20.7 to 27.5) | 0.010 | ||
BMI=body mass index (kg/m2); HDL=high density lipoprotein
*Based on a subset of questions from the standard of living index24: score 0–7=low, 8–13=middle, 14–36=high.
†P values obtained by fitting logistic regression models adjusted for age, and performing Wald tests on model parameters.
‡Used on a daily basis any time in past 6 months.
§Consumed on ≥10 days/month any time in past 6 months.
¶Physical activity level ≤1.69.
**<400 g/day.
††Using both the Asian and WHO cut-off values for body mass index.
‡‡Waist circumference >90 cm in men, >85 cm in women.
§§Self reported or blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg.
¶¶Self reported or fasting blood glucose concentration ≥7 mmol/l.
***Body mass index <18.5.
†††Height <25th centile of rural population of National Family Health Survey.35