Table 1.

Animal Disease Models^*

SPM	Disease model	Cellular mechanism of action	References
Resolvin E1	Skin	Stops neutrophil recruitment in dorsal pouch	Serhan et al.8
	Oral inflammation, periodontitis	Reduces neutrophil infiltration; prevents connective tissue and bone loss; promotes healing of diseased tissues; regenerates lost soft tissue and bone	Hasturk et al.53
	Peritonitis	Stops neutrophil recruitment; regulates chemokine/cytokine production	Bannenberg et al.40; Arita et al.54; Schwab et al.55
		Promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes
	Asthma	Reduces airway inflammation; stimulates LXA4; reduces SRS-A	Haworth et al.49
	Ocular	Regulates neovascularization, angiogenesis	Connor et al.51; Jin et al.56; Tian et al.57
	Colitis	Limits PMN recruitment and proinflammatory gene expression; improves survival; reduces weight loss	Arita et al.47; Ishida et al.58
Resolvin E2	Peritonitis	Reduces PMN infiltration	Tjonahen et al.59; Ogawa et al.60
Resolvin D1	Peritonitis	Limits PMN recruitment	Hong et al.20; Sun et al.48
	Skin	Stops PMN recruitment (air pouch)	Serhan et al.9; Hong et al.20
	Kidney ischemia-reperfusion	Protects from ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages and protects from fibrosis	Duffield et al.61
	Ocular	Protects against neovascularization	Connor et al.51
Resolvin D2	Peritonitis, sepsis	Reduce peritonitis and increase phagocyte reactive oxygen species bacterial killing	Spite et al.42
NPD1/Protectin D1	Stroke	Stop leukocyte infiltration, inhibits NF-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 induction	Marcheselli et al.62,63
	Peritonitis	Stops neutrophil recruitment; regulates chemokine/cytokine production	Bannenberg et al.40; Arita et al.54; Schwab et al.55; Ariel et al.64
		Promotes lymphatic removal of phagocytes
		Regulates T-cell migration
	Asthma	Protects from lung damage, airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness	Levy et al.65
		Protectin D1 in human breath condensates appears diminished in asthmatics
	Kidney ischemia-reperfusion	Protects from ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney damage and loss of function; regulates macrophages and is anti-fibrotic	Duffield et al.61; Hassan et al.66
	Ocular	Protects in neovascularization	Connor et al.51; Mukherjee et al.52; Sheets et al.67; He and Bazan68
		Protects in retinal injury
	Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration	Diminished protectin D1 production in human Alzheimer's disease	Lukiw et al.69
Maresin 1	Peritonitis	Reduces PMN migration and enhances MΦ phagocytosis	Serhan et al.21

SPM, specialized pro-resolving mediators.

^*The actions of each of the main resolvins and protectins (that is, RvE1, RvD1, and PD1) were confirmed with compounds prepared by total organic synthesis (see Figure 3, text, and cited references for further details). RvE2 total synthesis and bioactions were recently confirmed.⁶⁰