Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 9.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2010 Sep 9;67(5):713–727. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.038

Figure 4.

Figure 4

(A) A 7.5-month-old infant wearing an ERP electrocap. (B) Infant ERP waveforms at one sensor location (CZ) for one infant are shown in response to a native (English) and nonnative (Mandarin) phonetic contrast at 7.5 months. The mismatch negativity (MMN) is obtained by subtracting the standard waveform (black) from the deviant waveform (English = red; Mandarin = blue). This infant’s response suggests that native-language learning has begun because the MMN negativity in response to the native English contrast is considerably stronger than that to the nonnative contrast. (C) Hierarchical linear growth modeling of vocabulary growth between 14 and 30 months for MMN values of +1SD and −1SD on the native contrast at 7.5 months (C, left) and vocabulary growth for MMN values of +1SD and −1SD on the nonnative contrast at 7.5 months (C, right) (adapted from Kuhl et al., 2008).