(a) HMDMs were co-cultured with dead Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PA01 for 24 hours (i) or live bacteria (at an MOI of 10) for 4 hours (ii) after which culture supernatants were collected and cytokine secretion quantitated by ELISA. (b) For the live bacterial experiment HMDMs were lysed after 4 hours and bacteria cultured for a further 18 hours on agar prior to counting the number of live colonies. (c) Mice were injected with 10×6 of live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and PBS or NN was administered on days 0,1,2,4 and 6. Mice were sacrificed on day 7 and TNF-α was measured in the serum (i). In addition the number of live bacteria retrieved from lysed splenocytes after an overnight culture was calculated following a further 18 hours of culture on agar (ii). *** p ≤0.0004, ** p ≤0.003, * p ≤0.02. error bars =SEM