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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2009 Mar 3;36(8):828–834. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.01.013

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Modified symmetrical and unsymmetrical Ullmann coupling reaction. (a) Cu-bronze, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), 150 °C, Argon; 4 h; (b) Cu-bronze, CuCl (20 mol%), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), 110 °C, Argon.