Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals stratified by quartiles of baseline serum ALP level
| Serum ALP (U/L) |
P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <66 (N = 282) | 66–82 (N = 296) | 83–105 (N = 302) | >105 (N = 278) | ||
| Age (years) | 69.9 ± 9.9 | 69.0 ± 10.6 | 67.1 ± 11.1 | 67.4 ± 11.6 | 0.001 |
| Race (black) | 60 (21) | 69 (23) | 76 (25) | 77 (28) | 0.06 |
| DM | 172 (61) | 164 (55) | 165 (55) | 142 (51) | 0.022 |
| ASCVD | 161 (57) | 168 (57) | 175 (58) | 159 (57) | 0.8 |
| Smoking | 49 (18) | 67 (23) | 81 (28) | 85 (34) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity index | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 0.027 |
| Calcitriol use | 99 (34) | 91 (31) | 102 (34) | 78 (28) | 0.16 |
| Calcium-containing binder use | 73 (25) | 98 (33) | 106 (35) | 95 (34) | 0.029 |
| Sevelamer HCl use | 20 (8) | 27 (7) | 26 (9) | 61 (24) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin use | 169 (59) | 182 (61) | 196 (65) | 159 (56) | 0.8 |
| ACEI/ARB use | 229 (80) | 229 (77) | 225 (74) | 197 (70) | 0.004 |
| Statin use | 222 (78) | 208 (70) | 188 (62) | 145 (51) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 5.8 | 29.4 ± 5.8 | 29.2 ± 5.9 | 28.4 ± 6.4 | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 142 ± 26 | 149 ± 25 | 152 ± 24 | 150 ± 28 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70 ± 14 | 74 ± 16 | 76 ± 15 | 75 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 38.8 ± 16.5 | 38.6 ± 17.5 | 36.7 ± 17.0 | 35.9 ± 18.8 | 0.023 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ±0.6 | 0.005 |
| Serum AST (U/L) | 25 ± 13 | 24 ± 11 | 26 ± 18 | 29 ± 24 | 0.002 |
| Serum ALT (U/L) | 23 ± 15 | 21 ± 13 | 24 ± 19 | 26 ± 27 | 0.045 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184 ± 57 | 193 ± 50 | 194 ± 55 | 188 ± 64 | 0.4 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 0.019 |
| Serum bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 26.4 ± 3.0 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 25.6 ± 3.4 | 25.1 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Blood Hgb (g/dL) | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 0.02 |
| Blood WBC (1000/mm3) | 7.2 ± 2.2 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 2.5 | 0.003 |
| Blood lymphocytes (% WBC) | 24.0 ± 9.0 | 23.4 ± 8.6 | 23.3 ± 8.0 | 22.4 ± 8.9 | 0.047 |
| Proteinuria (mg/24 h) | 577 (485–687) | 638 (533–764) | 810 (676–971) | 998 (812–1154) | <0.0001 |
Data is presented as means ± SD, number (% of total) or geometric means (95% CI). DM, diabetes mellitus; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; Hgb, haemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell count. Comparisons were made by chi-square test for linear trend.