Table II.

LHA characteristics by LHA role from earliest to latest studies published (N = 61; 33 educator only and 28 educator plus bridge)

Study		No. of LHAs	LHA mean age (years)	% LHA female	% LHA Latino	Training length	Volunteer (V) or paid (P)	Other incentives
Educator	Brand [47]	364	42	100	11		P
	Pilisuk et al. [48]	9				0	V
	Tiernan [49]	50				45 hours	V
	Amezcua et al. [50]						V	Certificate
	Brownstein et al. [51]			100
	Watkins et al. [52, 53]*	40	15–52	100	100	24 hours	V	Mileage and other reimbursement, child care
	May et al. [54]	4		100	100		P
	Navarro et al. [55–57]*	36		100	100	12 weeks
	Ramirez et al. [58]	85	49	97			V	Certificates, recognition
	Wiist et al. [59]	305	10–13	53	52	29 hours	V	Field trips
	Hanson [60]*						P (per visit)
	Alcalay et al. [61]; Balcazar et al. [62, 63]	29–33	41	100	100	18 hours + 2 days	P
	Bell et al. [64]*	15	‘Older’	100	100	1 session	V
	Buller et al. [65]; Larkey et al. [66]*	41	41	29	56	16 hours	V	$1800 total + gifts
	Whitehorse et al. [67]	20			92	9 hours
	Cravey et al. [68]	66			100		V	Baseball hats
	Taylor et al. [69, 70]	36	78%, 31–60	97	97	16 hours	V	Certificates, $100
	Ramos et al. [71]			100	100
	Watson et al. [72]	7	Youth				V	Food, certificates
	Woodruff et al. [73]*	16	41	88	94	25 hours	V	‘Modest stipend’
	Kim et al. [74]	12		92	100	39 hours	P (per class)	Mileage reimbursement
	Conway et al. [75]; Rodriguez et al. [76]; Woodruff et al. [77]*	11	45	100	100	20 hours	V	Monetary incentives and mileage reimbursement
	Forst et al. [78]*	16			100	20 hours
	Elder et al. [43, 44, 79]*	4	55	100	100	12 sessions	P	$200 for training + certificate, $144 per participant, mileage and other reimbursement
	Staten et al. [80]	11		91		6 hours	P
	Teufel-Shone et al. [81]	4		100	100	1 day
	Larkey [82]	3		100	100
	Martin et al. [83]*	16			88		P and V	All received $40 gift certificate
	Culica et al. [84]	1				27 hours	P
	Joshu et al. [85]			100			P
	Lujan et al. [86]*	2		100		60 hours	P
	Sauaia et al. [87]; Welsh et al. [88]*	4		100	100		P
	Vincent et al. [89]*	1		100	100		P
Bridge	Carrillo et al. [90]						V
	McElmurry et al. [91]	30	18	93	33	160 hours	P	Training mileage reimbursement
	Dawson & Robinson [92]*			100		30 hours		P
	Meister et al. [93]; Warrick et al. [94]	9		100	100	34 hours+	8 P, 1 V	Benefits, certificate, ESL classes
	Birkel et al. [95]						P
	Morris et al. [96]	4	35–65	100	100	Weekly staff meeting	P
	McFarlane et al. [97]; McFarlane & Fehir [98]; Mahon et al. [99]	14	19–68	100	100	8 hours	V	Tote bag
	Bray & Edwards [100]	3		100	100	3 weeks	P
	Nyamathi et al. [101]*			100	100		P
	Brown & Hanis [102]	1			100		P
	Castro et al. [103]	1–3 in 14 churches	27–67	100	100		V	$500/year
	Bird et al. [104]; Pérez-Stable [105]	78		Some husbands active	100	18 hours	V	Child care, $500 after 5 months volunteer work, certificate
	Singer & Marxuach-Rodriquez [106]	6		0	100		V
	Baker et al. [107]	2			100		P
	Booker et al. [108]	33	32	50		20 hours	P
	Corkery et al. [109]*	1		100	100
	Warren [110]
	Flaskerud & Nyamathi [111]			100	100		P
	McQuiston & Uribe [112]; McQuiston & Flaskerud [113]; McQuiston et al. [114]	18	19–39	83	100	21 hours	V	Incentive, mileage reimbursement, child care
	Hiatt et al. [115]	7		100			P
	McElmurry et al. [116]					170 hours	P
	Hunter et al. [39]*	1		100	100
	Mayo et al. [117]	45		100			V
	Hansen et al. [118]	4	40–57 yo	100	100	20 hours	V	Mileage reimbursement, child care
	Martin et al. [119]	11			100	15 weeks + 12 hours	P
	Reinschmidt et al. [120]	1	40	100	100
	Ingram et al. [121]			100	100		P
	Thompson et al. [122]	Minimum of 10 at any time		100	100	10 sessions + 42 hours	P

ESL = English as a second language; NR or empty cell = not reported/missing; asterisks denote articles with outcomes.