Table IV.

Study outcome characteristics of rigorously evaluated programs (n = 17; 13 educator only and 4 educator plus bridge)

Study		Comparison group(s)	Retention at each follow-up	Assessment type	Outcomes	Process evaluation
Educator	Watkins et al. [52, 53]	Standard care	NR: 68 (14%)	1, 4, 5	NR: LHA ↑ knowledge (P ≤ 0.001) and sick child visits (P ≤ 0.05). No change in health status (e.g. child birth weight) and prenatal visits based on medical records	LHA knowledge ↑ (P ≤ 0.05); 66% of clinic visitors had some contact with LHAs
	Navarro et al. [55–57]	LHA in community living skills	3 months: 361 (71%); 12 months: NR; 24 months: NR	3, 4	3 months: cancer-specific LHA ↑ self-reported monthly BSE (P ≤ 0.001) and mammograms (P ≤ 0.05) compared with control, and approached significance for Pap tests (P ≤ 0.10). No effect on clinical breast exam. 12 and 24 months: NR	88% of women who completed pre- and post-test attended at least half of the sessions
	Hanson [60]	Standard nurse-delivered asthma care	6 months: NR; 12 months: 193 (64%); 24 months: 188 (62%)	2, 3	6 months: ↑ self-efficacy in both groups (P ≤ 0.001), but no group-by-time effects. 12 and 24 months: ↑ observed in self-efficacy from baseline was retained at 12 and 24 months in both groups (P ≤ 0.001), but no group-by-time effects on self-reported asthma management and self-efficacy	51% of home visits completed
	Bell et al. [64]	No treatment following a media and physician campaign	Immediate: 165 (100%); 6 months: 47 (28%)	2, 3, 5	Immediate: LHA ↑ use of pasteurized milk (P ≤ 0.01) and improved attitudes toward pasteurized milk (P < 0.01) compared with control. No changes in outcome expectations. 6 months: LHA improvements observed at immediate post-intervention maintained (P ≤ 0.01). Decreases in incidence of Salmonella	Similar changes observed in LHAs; LHAs increased requests of pamphlets; control condition improved residents’ knowledge
	Buller et al. [65]; Larkey et al. [66]	No treatment following a work site wellness program	18 months: 664 (73%); 24 months: 559 (62%)	2, 3	18 months: LHA ↑ daily servings of fruits and vegetables based on diet recall (P ≤ 0.001) and Food Frequency Questionnaire (P ≤ 0.01), ↑ awareness of 5-a-day program, and improved 4 of 5 attitudes (Ps ranged from <0.05 to 0.001) compared with control. 24 months: ↑ observed in fruits and vegetables intake maintained on diet recall (P ≤ 0.05) but not Food Frequency Questionnaire, on awareness (P ≤ 0.001); and on 3 of 5 attitudes (Ps ranged from <0.05 to 0.001).	LHA used encouragement and listening communication strategies with individuals, and modeling and creating context with groups
	Woodruff et al. [73]	Referral to quit line	3 months: 282 (90%)	3	3 months: LHA improved 2 abstinence measures compared with control: self-report (P ≤ 0.05) and physiological (P ≤ 0.01)	Abstainers more involved in intervention than non-abstainers, P ≤ 0.05
	Conway et al. [75]; Rodriguez et al. [76]; Woodruff et al. [77]	No treatment	4 months: 132 (92%); 7 months: 132 (92%); 16 months: 127 (89%)	3	4, 7, 16 months: ↓ in ETS exposure over time in both groups on self-report (P ≤ 0.001) and physiological measures (P ≤ 0.05), but no group-by-time effects	Cost of LHA component was $400/household
	Forst et al. [78]	Two groups: LHA distributed protective eyewear but no training and staff distributed protective eyewear	1–4 months: 703 (89%)	1, 2, 3	4 months: improvements in all 3 groups on self-reported use of protective eyewear (P ≤ 0.001), with LHA training showing greater improvements than LHA distribution alone (P ≤ 0.001) or staff distribution (P ≤ 0.05); LHA training improved knowledge compared with 2 other groups (no P value reported). No improvements in risk beliefs
	Elder et al. [43, 44, 79]	Two groups: tailored and targeted communication conditions	3 months: 313 (88%); 9 months: 272 (76%); 15 months: 281 (79%)	2, 3	3 months: LHA improved 4 of 11 diet outcomes compared with tailored, and 2 of 11 measures of diet compared with targeted (all Ps ≤ 0.05); LHA improved behavioral strategies to ↓ fat and ↑ fiber compared with tailored and targeted conditions (both Ps ≤ 0.05). 9 months: LHA versus tailored improved family interactions (P ≤ 0.05), but tailored versus LHA ↓ barriers for produce consumption (P ≤ 0.01). No time or group-by-time effects on behavioral strategies to ↓ fat and ↑ fiber, outcome expectations, barriers to low fat and family support. 9 and 15 months: 3 months effects on diet not maintained	Cost of LHA intervention was $135 compared with $45 tailored materials and $9.30 targeted materials. LHA participants more involved in intervention based on home work assignments completed
	Martin et al. [83]	No treatment control group	NR: 78 (87%)	3, 5	NR months: among rear-facing car seats, LHA ↑ 3 of 11 dimensions of proper car seat placement (all Ps ≤ 0.05). Among front-facing car seats, LHA ↑ adherence to safety standards (P ≤ 0.05), ↑ 6 of 11 dimensions of proper car seat placement (all Ps < 0.05) and ↓ crashes (no P value reported)
	Lujan et al. [86]	Usual care	3 months: 144 (96%); 6 months: 135 (90%)	1, 2, 5	3 months: no time or group-by-time effects on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetes knowledge and health beliefs. 6 months: LHA improved diabetes control (HbA1c; P < 0.001), ↑ diabetes knowledge (P ≤ 0.01) and worsened diabetes health beliefs (P ≤ 0.01)
	Sauaia et al. [87]; Welsh et al. [88]	Educational print materials	24 months: registrants	4	24 months: no significant change in mammography rates, although results approached significance (P = 0.07). After adjusting for insurance group, age, income, urbanicity and disability, LHA ↑ screening rates (P ≤ 0.05)	Latinas receiving LHA intervention were younger (P = 0.06) and poorer (P ≤ 0.001)
	Vincent et al. [89]a	Usual care	2 months: 18 (90%); 3 months: 17 (85%)	1, 2, 5	2, 3 months: no group-by-time effects for diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, weight, body mass index and HbA1c	Weekly promotora telephone calls … seemed to be a successful retention strategy
Bridge	Dawson & Robinson [92]	Routine maternity and pediatric care	4 months: 146 (85%)	2, 3	4 months: no time or group-by-time effects on observed feeding styles and self-reported attitudes	Moms receiving LHA contact kept more appointments
	Nyamathi et al. [101]	Education only with nurse and LHA; no skill-building enhancements	0.5 months: 213 (91%)	1, 2, 3, 5	0.5 months: enhanced LHA condition ↑ self-reported concern (P ≤ 0.01). Changes in both groups on self-reported emotion-focused coping, appraisal, attitudes toward AIDS, knowledge, multiple partners, use of i.v. drugs, use of non-i.v. drugs, depression and distress (all Ps ≤ 0.001). No time or group-by-time effects on problem-focused coping	60 women who were enrolled in the study refused to participate due to lack of time
	Corkery et al. [109]	American Diabetes Association guideline nurse-delivered care	3.4 months: 40 (63%); 7.7 months: NR	1, 3, 5	3.4, 7.7 months: no group-by-time effects on any measures. Among program completers, changes over time were observed on knowledge (P ≤ 0.001), following a meal plan (P ≤ 0.01), carrying fast-acting sugar (P ≤ 0.001), performing daily foot care (P ≤ 0.001) and measured glycol hemoglobin (P ≤ 0.001)	LHA ↑ participant completion of the program (P ≤ 0.01)
	Hunter et al. [39]	Postcard reminders	NR months: 98 (97%)	4	NR months: LHA ↑ self-reported health care utilization over control (P ≤ 0.05)

NR or empty cell = not reported/missing; BSE = breast self-examination; ETS = environmental tobacco smoke; ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease.

Key to assessment type column: 1 = knowledge; 2 = psychosocial; 3 = behavioral; 4 = health care use; 5 = health status.

^aInformation reported in this article was inconsistent between the text and the tables. Information reported here is from the table.