Table 3.
Epidemiological investigations in 21 foodborne outbreaks examined by SG-PCR and bacteriological cultures in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.
| Real-time PCR | Isolation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case No.a | Date occurred (day/mo/yr) | Days for examination after occurrence | Infected group | Source of infection (suspected source) | No. of patients/total | No. of examined patients | Target genes | No. of positive/examined samples | Causative pathogens | No. of positive/PCRexamined samples | No. of positive/total examined samples |
| 1 | 4-Oct-02 | 6 | School excursion in a mountain area | Stream water | 23/33 | 22 | eaeA and astA | 1/7 | EPEC | 1/7 | 5/22 |
| eaeA | 3/7 | astA-positive E. coli | 1/7 | 4/22 | |||||||
| astA | 2/7 | ||||||||||
| 2 | 03-Sep-03 | 3 | Protective care school | Catering box lunch | 22/46 | 10 | astA | 2/7 | astA-positive E. coli | 2/7 | 3/10 |
| eaeA | 1/7 | ||||||||||
| gyrB of P. a and ahh1 | 1/7 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 01-Oct-03 | 2 | Celebration in a company | Catering box lunch | 437/1354 | 12 | cpe | 5/7 | C. perfringens O:13, O:16 | 6/7 | 10/12 |
| 4 | 11-Jun-04 | 6 | Camping group of high school | Grilled meat (beef, bovine intestinal) | 4/8 | 4 | Specific gene of C. j | 5/7 | C. jejuni | 5/7 | 5/8 |
| 5 | 12,13-Jun-04 | 6 ~ 7 | 9 citizen groups in Chophouse | Grilled meat (beef, bovine intestinal) | 30/UN | 12 | Specific gene of C. j | 4/7 | C. jejuni | 5/7 | 10/12 |
| 6 | 17-Jun-04 | 5 | Cooking practise in a high school | Shelf-cooked lunch (salada mixed) | 31/41 | 20 | Specific gene of C. j | 4/7 | C. jejuni | 6/7 | 17/20 |
| 7 | 07-Jul-04 | 1 | Citizen in Chinese restaurant | Fried rice | 6/6 | 6 | ces and nheB | 2/6 | B. cereus | 2/6 | 2/6 |
| 8 | 11-Oct-04 | 3 | Sport club in a high school | Shelf-cooked lunch | 26/47 | 6 | cpe | 2/6 | C. perfringens O:16, OUT | 3/6 | 4/6 |
| astA and st | 1/6 | ||||||||||
| 9 | 5~7-Nov-04 | 5 ~ 7 | Restaurant | Unknown | 5 | 5 | Specific gene of C. j | 2/5 | C. jejuni | 2/5 | 2/5 |
| 10 | Unknown | Several days (19-Jan-05) | Nursery | Unknown | 24/73 | 22 | eaeA and stx1 | 4/7 | EHEC O26 [Norovirus | 5/7 | 8/2220/22] |
| 11 | 28~30-Sep-05 | 1 ~ 3 | Prisoners in a prison | Shelf-cooked meal | 113/600 | 61 | astA and cpe | 1/7 | astA-positive E. coli | 7/7 | 41/46 |
| astA | 6/7 | (C. perfringens: sporadic case | 1/7 | 1/46) | |||||||
| 12 | 2~6-Oct-05 | 1 ~ 5 | Elementary and high school children | Unknown (School lunch) | 39/94 | 39 | astA, aggR and Specific gene of C. j | 1/6 | (C. jejuni: sporadic case | 1/6 | 1/16) |
| astA and aggR | 1/6 | ||||||||||
| astA | 4/6 | ||||||||||
| 13 | 28~30-May-06 | 0 ~ 2 | Citizens at restaurant | Lunch (pilaf and scrambled agg) | 27/34 | 27 | femB | 1/5 | S. aureus | 2/5 | 4/8 |
| astA | 1/5 | ||||||||||
| 14 | 4-Jul-06 | 0 | Boarder of high school | Catering box lunch | 34/51 | 34 | cpe | 7/7 | C. perfringens | 7/7 | 19/50 |
| 15 | 16-Aug-06 | 1 | Citizens at restaurant | Fried rice | 15/34 | 15 | ces and nheB | 1/4 | B. cereus | 2/4 | 2/4 |
| aggR | 1/4 | ||||||||||
| 16 | 23~29-Aug-06 | 2 ~ 8 | Boarder of training high school | Supper (contaminated sliced cabbage) | 19/43 | 18 | astA and Specific gene of C. j | 5/7 | C. jejuni | 6/7 | 9/14 |
| Specific gene of C. j | 1/7 | ||||||||||
| 17 | 2-Sep-06 | 3 | Citizens in Buddhist service | Catering box lunch | 14/49 | 6 | tdh | 3/6 | V. parahaemolyticus | 3/6 | 3/6 |
| Specific gene of C. j | 2/6 | ||||||||||
| St | 1/6 | ||||||||||
| 18 | 22-Dec-06 | 5 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper (chicken) | 12/12 | 9 | Specific gene of C. j | 4/7 | C. jejuni | 4/7 | 4/9 |
| 19 | 21-Oct-07 | 1 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper | 7/13 | 7 | gyrB of P. s | 2/5 | P. shigelloides | 2/5 | 2/5 |
| eaeA | 1/5 | ||||||||||
| 20 | 4-Jul-07 | 6 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper (chicken) | 7/11 | 3 | Specific gene of C. j | 1/2 | C. jejuni | 1/2 | 2/3 |
| 21 | 29-Nov-07 | 1 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper (raw chicken liver) | 8/13 | 6 | astA and Specific gene of C. j | 1/7 | C. jejuni | 4/7 | 4/7 |
| Specific gene of C. j | 3/7 | (astA-positive E. coli | 1/7) | ||||||||
| 22 | 28-Mar-08 | 5 | Citizens at restaurant | Sushi | 2/7 | 4 | Specific gene of C. j | 2/4 | C. jejuni | 2/4 | 2/7 |
| 23 | 16-Oct-08 | 2 | workmate | home-made vinegared rice with thin strips of egg | 13/15 | 4 | Not detected | 0/2 | Salmonella Enteritidis | 1/2 | 3/4 |
| 24 | 11-Jul-09 | 6 | Citizens at restaurant | Grilled meat (beef, bovine intestinalmeat, raw liver) | 4/4 | 4 | Specific gene of C. j | 3/4 | C. jejuni | 3/4 | 3/4 |
| 25 | 28-Jul-09 | 2 | Citizens at restaurant | Unknown | 13/44 | 5 | eaeA and astA | 1/5 | STEC O63 (stx2f) | 1/5 | 1/5 |
| astA | 1/5 | ||||||||||
| 26 | 25-Aug-09 | 13 | customers of supermarket | Bowl of rice topped with deep-fried poak | 4/4 | 2 | Not detected | 0/2 | Salmonella Enteritidis | 2/2 | 2/2 |
| 27 | 29-Sep-09 | 3 ~ 7 | Employee of restaurant after EHEC O157 outbreak | Unknown | Not tested | 7 | eaeA, stx1 and stx2 | 2/7 | EHEC O157 | 4/7 | 4/7 |
| eaeA and astA | 1/7 | ||||||||||
| astA | 3/7 | ||||||||||
| 28 | 1-Jun-08 | 3 | Staff of public services | Catering box lunch | 171/296 | 17 | cpe | 7/7 | C. perfringens | 7/7 | 16/17 |
| 29 | 20-Aug-09 | 1 | Citizens stayed in a hotel | Box lunch served by the hotel | 11/21 | 9 | femB | 4/4 | S. aureus | 4/4 | 6/9 |
| 30 | 21-Sep-08 | 4 | Citizens | Unknown | 9/16 | 4 | Specific gene of C.j | 4/4 | C. jejuni | 4/4 | 4/4 |
| 31 | 14-Jun-09 | 1 ~ 2 | Hospital | Supper in hospital | 34/148 | 7 | cpe and femB | 1/7 | C. perfringens | 5/7 | 5/7 |
| cpe | 4/7 | [Norovirus | 2/7] | ||||||||
| 32 | 21-Aug-09 | 5 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper | 7/10 | 3 | astA and Specific gene of C. j | 1/3 | C. jejuni | 1/3 | 1/3 |
| astA | 1/3 | ||||||||||
| 33 | 14-Nov-09 | 5 ~ 6 | Citizens at restaurant | Supper | 9/15 | 7 | astA and Specific gene of C. j | 2/7 | C. jejuni | 6/7 | 6/7 |
| femB and Specific gene of C. j | 1/7 | ||||||||||
| Specific gene of C. j | 3/7 | ||||||||||
| 34 | 15-Aug-09 | 2 ~ 3 | School excursion | Supper (potato salada) in a hotel | 32/73 | tdh | 1/7 | V. parahaemolyticus | 1/7 | 2/7 | |
| ompW | 1/7 | V. p and V. cholerae non-O1 | 1/7 | 1/7 | |||||||
| 35 | 16-Sep-09 | 9 | Citizens in Buddhist service | Catering box lunch | 25/43 | invA | 3/7 | S. Enteritidis | 4/7 | 4/7 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total | Gene of main pathogen | 129/199 | Main pathogen | 125/199 | 216/381 | ||||||
| 64.8% | 62.8% | 56.7% | |||||||||
aAnalysis was tested using the ABI 7500 in Shimane (cases 1 to 22), Fukuoka (cases 23 to 25), and Shizuoka Prefecture (cases 31 to 33); ABI 7500 Fast in Fukuoka Prefecture (cases 26 and 27), Thermal Cycler Dice Real-Time System in Hokkaido (cases 28 to 30), and Light Cycler 480 in Kumamoto Prefecture (cases 34 and 35).