Table 1.

List of P P A R α target genes in different biological processes in liver. Genes regulated by P P A R α in mouse are shown in lower case. Genes regulated in human and mouse are shown in CAPITAL BOLD. Genes regulated only in human are shown in CAPITAL, and genes with detected functional PPRE are shown in italic font.

Lipid metabolism	Lipid/hormone transport	Adipor2 [24, 62], Cd36 [24, 62–64], LEPR [24, 62], Slc27a1 [62, 64–67], SLC27A2 [24, 62, 63, 68], SLC27A4 [24, 62]
	Acyl-CoA formation/hydrolysis/ binding	Acot1 [24, 62, 69], Acot7 [62], ACOT12 [24, 62], ACSL1 [24, 62, 70–72], ACSL3 [24, 62], Acsl4 [24, 62, 63, 73], ACSL5 [24, 62, 63], ACSM3 [24, 62], Acss2 [62], FABP1 [24, 62, 74, 75], Fabp2 [24, 62, 63], FABP3 [24, 62], Fabp4 [62, 68], Fabp5 [62]
	Mitochondrial β-oxidation/oxidative phosphorylation	ACAA2 [24, 62, 68], Acadl [24, 62, 70, 74, 76], ACADM [24, 55, 62, 70], ACADS [24, 54, 62, 70], ACADVL [24, 62, 63, 70], Acad8 [62], Acad9[62], Acad10 [62], Acot2 [24, 62, 69], Acot9 [62], Acot10 [62], CPT1A [24, 54, 55, 62, 77–79], Cpt1b [24, 62], CPT2 [24, 62, 70, 80], Crat [24, 62, 74], Dci [24, 62, 65, 68, 76], Decr1 [24, 62, 76, 81], ETFA [24], Etfb [24, 62], ETFDH [24, 62], HADHA [24, 62, 63, 68, 82], HADHB [24, 62, 63, 68], Hadh [24, 62, 68, 74, 76, 83], Hadh2 [62], Hibch [24, 62], SLC25A20 [24, 62, 84], SLC22A5 [24, 62, 85, 86], TXNIP [24, 62], Ucp2 [24, 62, 87–89], Ucp3 [62]
	Ketogenesis/ketolysis	Acat1[24, 62, 68], Bdh [62], FGF21 [24, 62, 90–92], Hmgcl [62], HMGCS2[24, 62, 93–95]
	Peroxisomal β-oxidation	ABCD2 [24, 62, 96], ABCD3 [24, 62, 96], ACAA1A [24, 62, 68, 76], Acaa1b [24, 62], Acot3 [24, 62], Acot4 [24, 62], Acot5 [24, 62], Acot8 [62, 97], ACOX1 [24, 55, 62, 68, 70, 98, 99], Crot [24, 62, 74], Decr2 [24, 62, 68, 100] ECH1 [24, 62, 63, 68], Ehhadh [24, 62, 101, 102], HACL1 [24], HSD17B4 [24, 62, 103, 104], Peci [24, 62, 65, 100], Pex11a [24]
	Microsomal (ω-hydroxylation)	ALDH3A1[24], Aldh3a2 [24, 62, 105], ALDH9A1 [24], Cyp4a1 [74, 106–109], Cyp4a3 [55, 74, 108], Cyp4a10 [24, 62, 68, 84, 106, 110], Cyp4a12a [24, 62, 65], Cyp4a14 [24, 62, 68, 110, 111], Cyp4f15 [24], Cyp4x1 [24]
	Lipogenesis	Acaca [62], ACACB [62], AGPAT2 [62], Agpat3 [24, 62], Agpat5 [62], Agpat6 [62], Dgat1 [62, 112], ELOVL5 [62, 113, 114], ELOVL6 [24, 62, 113, 114], Elovl7 [62], FADS1 [24, 62, 113], Fads2 [62, 113, 115], Fasn [62, 112], GPAM [24, 62, 65], Hsd17b12 [62], Lpin2 [24, 56, 62], MLYCD [24, 62], Mogat1 [24, 62], MOD1 [24, 62, 70, 116], Scd1 [24, 62, 117, 118], Scd2 [62, 68], Slc25a10 [62, 100], Srebf1 [24, 62, 119]
	Lipases/lipid droplet proteins	ADFP[24, 62, 120], Ces1 [62], Ces3 [24, 62], Cidea [24, 62, 121], CIDEC [24, 62, 121], Gos2 [24, 62, 122, 123], Lipa [24, 62], Lipe [24, 62, 68], Mgll [24, 62, 63, 68], Oxpat/Lsdp5 [24, 62, 124, 125], Plin1 [24], PNPLA2 [24, 62], S3-12 [24, 62]
	Lipoprotein uptake and metabolism	ANGPTL4[24, 62, 126, 127], APOA1 [128–133], APOA2 [24, 134], APOA5 [24, 135, 136], APOCIII [137–139], LIPC [24, 62], Lipg [62], Lpl [62, 64, 65, 140], Lrp4 [24, 62], PCTP [24, 62], Pltp [62, 65, 141, 142], Mttp [24, 62, 143], VLDLR [24, 62]
	Cholesterol/Bile transport and metabolism	ABCA1 [24, 62, 144], ABCB4 [24, 62, 94, 144], Abcb11 [62], Abcg5 [62, 144], Abcg8 [62, 144], Cav1 [24], CYP7A1 [24, 62, 145–147], Cyp8b1 [62, 148], Cyp27a1 [145], FXR [62], LXR [144, 149], Npc1 [62], Rab9 [24, 62], Scarb2 [62], Slc10a1 [94], Slc10a2 [62, 150]
Other pathways	Glucose/Glycerol transport and metabolism	AQP3 [24, 62, 151], Aqp7 [62], Aqp9 [62, 151], Fbp2 [24, 62], G6PC [24], Gpd1 [24, 62, 151], Gpd2 [62, 151], GYK [24, 62, 151], Gys-2 [152], Ldha [62], Pcx [62], PCK1 [24], Pdk1 [24], PDK4 [24, 62, 153, 154]
	Biotransformation	AKR1B10 [24], AKR1C3 [24], CYP1A2 [24], Cyp2a5 [110], CYP2B6 [24], CYP2C8 [24], CYP2C9 [24], Cyp2c11 [155], Cyp2c12 [155], Cyp2c29 [110], CYP2J2 [24], CYP3A5 [24], CYP3A7 [24], CYP3A11 [24, 110], Cyp3a43 [24], EPHX2 [24, 156], Gsta3 [157], MGST3 [24], UGT1A9 [158]
	Amino Acid metabolism	ABAT [24, 159], Acmsd [159], AGXT2 [24, 160], Arg1 [160], ASL [24, 160], Ass1 [160], CBS [24, 159], CPS-1 [24, 160], Cth [159], Got1 [160], Got2 [62, 64, 160, 161], Gls [160], GLS2 [159], GPT [24, 159], Hal [159], Hpd [159], OAT [24, 159], ODC1 [24, 62, 159], OTC [24, 62, 160], PAH [24, 159], PSAT1 [24, 62, 159], Tat [159, 162]
	Inflammation	Apcs [163], Birc3 [163], Cebpb [164], Cd68 [24, 165], Crp [24, 163], Cxcl10/IP10 [165], FGB [24, 155, 166, 167], Emr1 (F4/80) [156], Icam-1 [24, 165], Ifi47 [24, 163], Igtp [163], Nfkbia [168–170], Il-1β [165], Il-1r1 [111], Il1rn [163], Il1rap [163], Il-6 [111, 171], Il-6ra [111, 163], Il18 [163], Lcn2 [163, 165], Lifr [163], Ccl2 [165], Ccl3 [165], Mt1 [24, 163], Mt2 [163, 165], Orm2 [163], Orm3 [24, 163], Nfkb1 [24, 164], Pla1a [24, 163], Saa2 [163], Saa4 [24, 163], Stat1 [165], Stat2 [163], Stat3 [163], Steap4 [24, 163], Stress induced protein [163], Tnfα [165], Traf2 [163], Vcam-1 [24, 165]