Table 1.
Prevalence of at least one major or at least two conditional birth defects by infant characteristic of children in PACTG protocols 219 and 219C.
| Characteristic | Birth defect (N=117) | No defect (N=2,085) | P-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | ||
| HIV infection status | |||||
| Infected | 13 | 4.9 | 254 | 95.1 | 0.58 |
| Uninfected | 104 | 5.4 | 1814 | 94.6 | |
| Indeterminate | 0 | 0 | 17 | 100 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 50 | 4.5 | 1061 | 95.5 | 0.09 |
| Male | 67 | 6.1 | 1024 | 93.9 | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17 | 7.5 | 209 | 92.5 | 0.30 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 58 | 4.6 | 1199 | 95.4 | |
| Hispanic | 38 | 5.7 | 633 | 94.3 | |
| Other | 1 | 4.0 | 24 | 96.0 | |
| Unknown | 3 | 13.0 | 20 | 87.0 | |
| Year of birth | |||||
| 1992 to 1996 | 26 | 5.4 | 454 | 94.6 | 0.24 |
| 1997 to 2001 | 54 | 6.2 | 820 | 93.8 | |
| 2002 to 2006 | 37 | 4.4 | 811 | 95.6 | |
| Protocol | |||||
| 219 ± 219C | 58 | 6.8 | 794 | 93.2 | 0.013 |
| 219C only | 59 | 4.4 | 1291 | 95.6 | |
| Earliest year of enrollment in 219 or 219C | |||||
| 1993 to 1996 | 23 | 5.5 | 394 | 94.5 | 0.037 |
| 1997 to 2000 | 40 | 7.3 | 507 | 92.7 | |
| 2001 to 2006 | 54 | 4.4 | 1184 | 95.6 | |
| Enrolled in perinatal study during gestation | |||||
| Yes | 76 | 8.3 | 838 | 91.7 | <0.0001 |
| No | 41 | 3.2 | 1247 | 96.8 | |
| Maternal age at birth (years) | |||||
| <20 | 5 | 3.5 | 138 | 96.5 | 0.049 |
| 20 to <25 | 23 | 4.6 | 474 | 95.4 | |
| 25 to <30 | 32 | 5.7 | 534 | 94.4 | |
| 30 to <35 | 27 | 5.4 | 472 | 94.6 | |
| ≥35 | 21 | 7.1 | 274 | 92.9 | |
| Unknown | 9 | 4.5 | 193 | 95.5 | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | |||||
| <32 | 6 | 12.0 | 44 | 88.0 | 0.33 |
| 32 to <37 | 18 | 6.3 | 268 | 93.7 | |
| ≥37 | 65 | 6.8 | 892 | 93.2 | |
| Unknown | 28 | 3.1 | 881 | 96.9 | |
| Birth weight (grams) | |||||
| <2,500 | 28 | 7.0 | 370 | 93.0 | 0.10 |
| ≥ 2,500 | 89 | 5.0 | 1706 | 95.0 | |
| Unknown | 0 | 0 | 9 | 100 | |
| 1st trimester in utero folate antagonist exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 68 | 8.0 | 785 | 92.0 | 0.08 |
| Exposed | 7 | 16.3 | 36 | 83.7 | |
| Unknown | 42 | 3.2 | 1264 | 96.8 | |
| In utero alcohol exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 41 | 5.3 | 732 | 94.7 | 0.25 |
| Exposed | 16 | 7.4 | 201 | 92.6 | |
| Unknown | 60 | 5.0 | 1152 | 95.0 | |
| In utero tobacco exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 35 | 5.3 | 621 | 94.7 | 0.44 |
| Exposed | 20 | 6.6 | 284 | 93.4 | |
| Unknown | 62 | 5.0 | 1180 | 95.0 | |
| In utero marijuana exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 49 | 6.1 | 760 | 93.9 | 0.18 |
| Exposed | 5 | 3.3 | 145 | 96.7 | |
| Unknown | 63 | 5.1 | 1180 | 94.9 | |
| In utero cocaine exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 47 | 5.9 | 754 | 94.1 | 0.38 |
| Exposed | 8 | 4.2 | 181 | 95.8 | |
| Unknown | 62 | 5.1 | 1150 | 94.9 | |
| In utero heroin exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 51 | 5.6 | 852 | 94.4 | 1.00 |
| Exposed | 3 | 5.0 | 57 | 95.0 | |
| Unknown | 63 | 5.1 | 1176 | 94.9 | |
| In utero methadone exposure | |||||
| Unexposed | 54 | 5.7 | 890 | 94.3 | 0.43 |
| Exposed | 4 | 8.5 | 43 | 91.5 | |
| Unknown | 59 | 4.9 | 1152 | 95.1 | |
*
P-value from Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test (in utero heroin exposure) or Cohrane-Armitage trend test (maternal age); subjects with unknown data excluded.