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S. flava can complete its entire larval life cycle on Arabidopsis. From top left, clockwise: a pair of S. flava adults mating on an Arabidopsis leaf, a female creating a feeding puncture with her dentate ovipositor, eggs laid within feeding punctures on the underside of a leaf, serpentine mine of a first instar larva in a leaf, a blotch mine of a second or third instar larva, a puparium under the epidermis of a leaf. Egg to adult development time is roughly 21 d at 22°C.
