Table 3. Literature on ¹⁸F-FMISO-PET of patients and experimental data.

Reference	No. of FMISO- PET	Type of lesion	Neuromonitoring	Study design	Conclusion
Takasawa et al, 2007 (J Cereb Blood Flow Metab)	7 (rats)	MCA occlusion	—	Experimental	Elevated 18F-FMISO uptake in the stroke area only in the early phase of MCAo, but neither after early reperfusion nor when tissue necrosis has developed. Validity of 18F-FMISO as a marker of viable hypoxic tissue/penumbra after stroke.
Bruehlmeier et al, 2004 (J Nucl Med)	11	Various brain tumors	—	Clinical	Late 18F-FMISO-PET images provide a spatial description of hypoxia in brain tumors that is independent of BBB disruption and tumor perfusion. The distribution volume is an appropriate measure to quantify 18F-FMISO uptake. The perfusion-hypoxia patterns described in glioblastoma suggest that hypoxia in these tumors may develop irrespective of the magnitude of perfusion.
Saita et al, 2004 (Stroke)	38 (rats)	Transient MCA occlusion	—	Experimental	The pattern of 18F-FMISO-binding rats reproduced the pattern seen in humans, consistent with this tracer being a marker of the ischemic penumbra in both species. This technique may have application in studying the ischemic penumbra in animal models, and correlating this with similar studies in humans.
Markus et al, 2003(Stroke)	19	Acute MCA territory stroke	—	Clinical	Infarct expansion might occur at the expense of hypoxic tissue from the center to the periphery of the ischemic region in humans, similar to that seen in experimental animal models.
Read et al, 1998 (Neurology)	15	Acute hemispheric stroke	—	Clinical	FMISO-PET can detect peri-infarct hypoxic tissue after acute ischemic stroke. The distribution of hypoxic tissue may represent the ischemic penumbra. Hypoxic tissues do not persist to the subacute phase of stroke (6 to 11 days).

Abbreviations: FMISO, fluoromisonidazole; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion; PET, positron emission tomography.