FIG. 5.

Visual assessment of VAN attachment to bone. (a) Morselized bone used for the synthesis of VAN-allograft. (b) After incubation with anti-VAN antibody, VAN-allograft displayed a uniform, intense fluorescence covering the whole surface of the bone, indicating successful modification of the graft. (c) Control allograft stained with the anti-VAN antibody exhibited only minimal background fluorescence representing the natural fluorescence of bone. (d) As a negative control, VAN-allograft was incubated with secondary antibody alone. Color images available online at www.liebertonline.com/ten.