Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of 11-Year-Old Adolescents Born Premature by Weight Status
| Characteristic | Obese (≥95%), n=75 | Overweight (≥85 to <95%), n=52 | Normal (>85%), n=185 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age, n (%) | ||||
| ≤32 wk | 27 (36.0) | 13 (25.0) | 75 (40.5) | 0.12 |
| 32–36 wk | 48 (64.0) | 39 (75.0) | 110 (59.5) | |
| Birth weight (g), m (SD) | 2096.7 (608.4) | 2029.8 (646.6) | 1921.3 (647.4) | 0.11 |
| Percentile birth weight adjusted for gestational age, mdn (min, max) | 29.9 (5.0, 90.5) | 24.7 (5.0, 94.3) | 30.5 (5.0, 92.9) | 0.53 |
| 12-mo growth velocity (g/mo), m (SD)* | 655.4 (103.8) | 610 (88.5) | 600 (89.3) | <0.001 |
| SGA, n (%)‡ | 13 (17.3) | 18 (34.6) | 36 (19.5) | 0.04 |
| Any prenatal substance exposure, n (%) | 58 (77.3) | 42 (80.8) | 141 (76.2) | |
| Prenatal cocaine, n (%) | 27 (36.0) | 21 (40.4) | 85 (45.9) | 0.32 |
| Prenatal tobacco, n (%) | 35 (46.7) | 28 (53.8) | 107 (57.8) | 0.26 |
| Prenatal alcohol, n (%) | 44 (58.7) | 29 (55.8) | 113 (61.1) | 0.77 |
| Prenatal marijuana, n (%) | 16 (21.3) | 9 (17.3) | 48 (25.9) | 0.38 |
| Inadequate exercise, n (%)‡ | 49 (65.3) | 36 (69.2) | 96 (51.9) | 0.03 |
| >2 h TV watching, n (%) | 37 (49.3) | 26 (50.0) | 97 (52.4) | 0.88 |
| Regular consumption fruits and vegetables, n (%) | 22 (29.3) | 14 (26.9) | 69 (37.3) | 0.25 |
| Regular consumption grains and cereals, n (%) | 36 (19.5) | 15 (28.8) | 18 (24.0) | 0.32 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, m (SD)§ | 28 (7.4) | 24.5 (4.2) | 22 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 40 (53.3) | 33 (63.5) | 86 (46.5) | 0.09 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Black | 58 (77.3) | 37 (71.2) | 155 (83.8) | 0.11 |
| Hispanic | 2 (2.7) | 4 (7.7) | 3 (1.6) | |
| Other | 15 (20.0) | 11 (21.2) | 27 (14.6) | |
| Site, n (%) | ||||
| Detroit | 39 (52.0) | 29 (55.8) | 93 (50.3) | 0.61 |
| Memphis | 19 (25.3) | 10 (19.2) | 51 (27.6) | |
| Miami | 6 (8.0) | 4 (7.7) | 22 (11.9) | |
| Providence | 11 (14.7) | 9 (17.3) | 19 (10.3) | |
| Maternal pregestational diabetes, n (%) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (2.2) | 0.35 |
| Socioeconomic status, Hollingshead, m (SD) | 31.4 (10.5) | 29.2 (8.7) | 29.4 (10.4) | 0.32 |
Fisher's least significant difference in analysis of variance showed higher values for 12-mo growth velocity in the obese versus normal and overweight groups, both p<0.001.
Results for adjusted standardized residuals from chi-square analyses showed greater than expected small-for-gestational-age children in the overweight group.
Results for adjusted standardized residuals from chi-square analyses showed fewer than expected for low exercise in the normal group and greater than expected for low exercise in the overweight and obese group.
Fisher's least significant difference in analysis of variance showed higher maternal prepregnancy BMIs for obese versus normal and overweight groups, both p<0.001.
Note: N=312; p values are based on chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables. BMI, body mass index; m, mean; mdn, median; max, maximum; min, minimum; SD, standard deviation; TV, television.