Figure 2.

Aggregation scheme of amyloid beta peptide involving the transformation of monomeric amyloid beta peptide through a variety of toxic oligomeric stages to a mature fibril. The arrow at the bottom shows the toxic timeframe derived from publications. The scheme has been adapted from Bartolini and colleagues [31]. Step I describes the equilibrium of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) monomer between random coil, α-helix and β-sheet. The β-sheet structured Aβ molecule has been adapted from Lührs and colleagues [45] (PDB structure 2BEG) and the α-helix-containing Aβ molecule has been modified from Sticht and colleagues [130] (PDB structure 1AML) using molecular dynamics with Yasara to obtain the given presentation [131].