Table 4.

Medical use of animals to heal malaria in Calabria, mentioned by historical sources used for the research.

Animals	Pliny	Dioscorides	Galen	Serenus Sammonicus
Cimex lecturalius	To cure quartain fevers	To cure quartain fevers		To cure tertian fevers
	(Naturalis Historia XXIX, 17)	(De Materia Medica II, 36)		(Liber Medicinalis XLIX, 921)
	[14]	[16]		[22]
Homo sapiens		To cure dropsy
		(De Materia Medica II, 99)
		[16]
Lumbricus terrestris		To cure tertian fevers
		(De Materia Medica II, 99)
		[16]
Spider	To cure quartain fevers	To cure quartain fevers
	(Naturalis Historia XXX, 30)	(De Materia Medica II, 48)
	[14]	[16]
Vipera aspis	To cure fevers
	(Naturalis Historia XXX, 30)
	[14]
Capra hircus		To cure hepatomegaly	To cure spleenomegaly and dropsy
		(De Materia Medica II, 98)	(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 297; XIII, 263)
		[16]	[20,21]
Erinaceus europaeus	To cure dropsy	To cure dropsy
	(Naturalis Historia XXX, 30)	(De Materia Medica II, 2)
	[14]	[16]
Cantharis vescicatoria	To cure dropsy		To expel urine
	(Naturalis Historia XXIX, 96)		(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 363)
	[14]		[20]
Snake	To cure quartain fevers
	(Naturalis Historia XXX, 30)
	[14]
Bos taurus			To cure dropsy
			(Galeni Opera Omnia XIII, 263)
			[21]