Table 3.

Key biomarkers of differences in lung cancer between ever smokers and never smokers

Biomarker	Never smokers	Reference
TP53 mutation spectrum	Lower frequency of G:C to T:A mutations Lower frequency of mutations Lower frequency of mutations at hotspots	Hainaut et al. (102) Vahakangas et al. (43) Toyooka et al. (98)
KRAS mutations	Lower frequency Lower frequency of transversions	Kosaka et al. (36); Tam et al. (39) Riely et al. (44)
STK11 (LBK1) mutations	Lower frequency	Koivunen et al. (49)
EGFR mutations	Higher frequency	Mitsudomi et al. (148); Shigematsu et al. (23,41)
HER2 mutations	Higher frequency	Shigematsu et al. (38)
EML4-ALK transloations	Higher frequency	Wong et al. (50)
N-tyr expression	Higher level	Le Calvez et al. (111)