Transcription levels of ail, pla, psaA, yapC, y0561, 16S rRNA gene, and caf1. Expression levels were determined in vitro under different growth conditions (A to C) and in vivo in livers (D) and lungs (E). All values are presented relative to rpoB expression. For in vivo samples, mice were infected i.v. with 960 CFU Y. pestis KIM5 and then sacrificed on day 4, and qRT-PCR was performed on liver and lung specimens. The colonization levels for tissues used for qRT-PCR were as follows: for liver tissue, 13,000,000 CFU/g; and for lung tissue, 3,000,000 CFU/g. Ten milligrams of tissue was used to generate mRNA for liver and lung tissues. Error bars represent standard deviations.