TABLE 1.
Origin and fungicide resistance phenotype of the tested strains
| Strain no. | Origina | Year | Location | Country | Botrytis groupb | Specific resistance toc: |
MDRd | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzimidazoles | Dicarboximides | Anilinopyrimidines | Hydroxyanilides | Strobilurins | Carboxamides | |||||||
| 1-3 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | I | − | − | − | [+] | − | − | − |
| 4 | INRA | 2007 | Versailles | France | II | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 5 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 6 | INRA | 1994 | Champagne | France | II | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 7 | INRA | 1994 | Armagnac | France | II | − | + | + | − | − | − | − |
| 8 | INRA | <1980 | Bordeaux | France | II | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 9 | INRA | 2006 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| 10 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| 11 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR1) |
| 12 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | + | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR1) |
| 13-14 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | + | − | + | − | + (MDR1) |
| 15 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR2) |
| 16-17 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | + | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR2) |
| 18 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | + | + | − | − | − | − | + (MDR2) |
| 19-20 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | + | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR3) |
| 21-22 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | − | − | + (MDR3) |
| 23-24 | BASF | 2006 | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | − | + (CarR1) | − | |
| 25-26 | INRA | 2007 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | + | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 27 | INRA | 2008 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 28 | INRA | 2008 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | + | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 29 | Uni. Kai | 2007 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 30 | Uni. Kai | 2007 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | + | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 31 | Uni. Kai | 2007 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 32 | Uni. Kai | 2007 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | + | + | + (CarR1) | − |
| 33-35 | Uni. Kai | 2007 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR2) | − |
| 36-44 | Uni. Kai | 2008 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR2) | − |
| 45 | Uni. Kai | 2008 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR3) | − |
| 46 | Uni. Kai | 2008 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR4) | − |
| 47-48 | INRA | 2008 | Champagne | France | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR5) | − |
| 49 | BASF | 2006 | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | − | + (CarR6) | − | |
| 50 | Uni. Kai | 2008 | Palatine | Germany | II | − | − | − | − | + | + (CarR6) | − |
INRA, strains collected by our group; BASF, strains provided by BASF, Limburgerhof, Germany; Uni. Kai, gift from Kaiserslautern University, Germany.
Botrytis group I and II strains were differentiated on the basis of genotype and their response to certain sterol biosynthesis inhibitors, including fenhexamid and fenpropidin (25, 46).
Specific resistance (+) is determined by an alteration in the genes encoding the target protein (see the first section of Results). In Botrytis group I, there is natural resistance ([+]) to fenhexamid (hydroxyanilides), which is probably determined by an increase in the detoxification of this compound (47). −, lack of specific resistance for a given mode of action.
Multidrug resistance (+) corresponds to positive cross-resistance between unrelated fungicides. It is determined by the overexpression of drug transporters (42). −, lack of MDR in a given isolate.