Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by the Presence or Absence of PAD, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004a,b
| Men |
Women |
|||
| PAD (n = 245) | No PAD (n = 3,088) | PAD (n = 223) | No PAD (n = 2,900) | |
| Age, years | 67.6 (0.9) | 54.7 (0.2) | 67.9 (1.0) | 56.1 (0.3 |
| Menopause, % | 86.9 (2.8) | 66.1 (1.6) | ||
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
| White | 80.2 (2.8) | 80.5 (1.5) | 77.7 (2.9) | 78.2 (1.8) |
| Black | 13.2 (2.3) | 7.8 (0.7) | 15.0 (2.8) | 8.7 (1.1) |
| Mexican American | 4.1 (1.7) | 4.9 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.8) |
| Education <high school, % | 35.2 (3.9) | 17.7 (1.0) | 28.2 (3.5) | 19.3 (0.9) |
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Former | 44.0 (3.8) | 33.6 (1.1) | 34.7 (4.4) | 25.1 (1.0) |
| Current | 42.5 (3.5) | 31.2 (1.5) | 21.4 (3.1) | 19.9 (1.0) |
| Serum cotinine, ng/mL | 1.63 (0.88, 3.05) | 0.70 (0.53, 0.91) | 0.28 (0.16, 0.48) | 0.22 (0.18, 0.27) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.9 (0.4) | 28.4 (0.1) | 29.0 (0.5) | 28.1 (0.2) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.30 (2.81, 3.86) | 1.76 (1.67, 1.86) | 3.94 (3.40, 4.56) | 2.45 (2.31, 2.60) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 200.7 (4.5) | 208.8 (1.3) | 216.8 (3.1) | 213.4 (1.1) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 46.8 (1.0) | 47.0 (0.4) | 54.8 (1.2) | 59.5 (0.5) |
| Cholesterol medication, % | 35.3 (3.3) | 17.8 (0.9) | 28.2 (4.1) | 14.1 (0.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 136.0 (1.7) | 126.1 (0.5) | 141.7 (2.1) | 128.0 (0.5) |
| Blood pressure medication, % | 48.7 (3.6) | 24.3 (1.1) | 53.4 (3.9) | 27.9 (1.3) |
| Diabetes, % | 31.1 (4.2) | 11.4 (0.7) | 18.1 (3.2) | 9.0 (0.6) |
| GFR <60 mL/minute per 1.73 m2, % | 27.2 (3.3) | 6.6 (0.6) | 27.9 (3.3) | 9.9 (0.8) |
| Blood lead, μg/dL | 2.81 (2.60, 3.03) | 2.26 (2.19, 2.33) | 1.99 (1.82, 2.17) | 1.54 (1.47, 1.60) |
| Blood cadmium, μg/L | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | 0.43 (0.41, 0.45) | 0.62 (0.55, 0.69) | 0.50 (0.48, 0.52) |
| Urine cadmium, μg/Lc | 0.73 (0.56, 0.96) | 0.36 (0.33, 0.39) | 0.45 (0.35, 0.58) | 0.31 (0.28, 0.33) |
| Urine cadmium, μg/g creatininec | 0.67 (0.54, 0.82) | 0.30 (0.29, 0.32) | 0.51 (0.42, 0.61) | 0.44 (0.41, 0.47) |
Abbreviations: GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.
Percentages (standard errors) are given for categorical variables or weighted means (standard errors) for continuous variables, except for serum cotinine, C-reactive protein, blood lead and blood cadmium, and urine cadmium and creatinine-adjusted cadmium, for which geometric means (95% confidence intervals) are reported.
International system conversion factors: To convert urine and blood cadmium to nmol/L, multiply by 8.896; to convert creatinine-corrected urine cadmium to nmol/mmol creatinine, multiply by 1.006; to convert lead to μmol/L, multiply by 0.0483; to convert serum cotinine to nmol/L, multiply by 5.675.
Measured in a subsample only (n = 2,098).