Table 2.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Peripheral Arterial Disease by Blood and Urine Cadmium Quintiles in Men (N = 3,333), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004a
| Participants, No. |
Model 1b |
Model 2c |
Model 3d |
|||||
| Cases | Noncases | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Blood Cadmium (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (≤0.26) | 23 | 694 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| Quintile 2 (0.26–0.3) | 17 | 434 | 0.84 | 0.34, 2.09 | 0.94 | 0.37, 2.36 | 0.85 | 0.33, 2.20 |
| Quintile 3 (0.4–0.5) | 30 | 535 | 0.97 | 0.50, 1.90 | 1.00 | 0.51, 1.93 | 0.83 | 0.41, 1.67 |
| Quintile 4 (0.6–0.7) | 83 | 787 | 1.84 | 0.93, 3.63 | 1.66 | 0.78, 3.53 | 1.20 | 0.52, 2.80 |
| Quintile 5 (≥0.8) | 92 | 638 | 3.79 | 2.04, 7.05 | 3.14 | 1.54, 6.40 | 1.82 | 0.82, 4.05 |
| P trende | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | |||||
| Urine Cadmium (μg/g Creatinine) | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (<0.20) | 8 | 623 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| Quintile 2 (0.20–0.30) | 34 | 778 | 1.81 | 0.68, 4.84 | 1.93 | 0.72, 5.19 | 1.66 | 0.63, 4.41 |
| Quintile 3 (0.31–0.43) | 59 | 743 | 2.35 | 0.89, 6.19 | 2.26 | 0.86, 5.91 | 1.66 | 0.62, 4.45 |
| Quintile 4 (0.44–0.68) | 74 | 636 | 3.90 | 1.60, 9.51 | 3.42 | 1.36, 8.60 | 2.31 | 0.87, 6.14 |
| Quintile 5 (≥0.69) | 70 | 308 | 9.18 | 3.29, 25.64 | 8.04 | 2.69, 24.02 | 4.90 | 1.55, 15.54 |
| P trende | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
International system conversion factors: To convert blood cadmium to nmol/L, multiply by 8.896; to convert creatinine-corrected urine cadmium to nmol/mmol creatinine, multiply by 1.006.
Adjusted for age (years), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, other), and survey year.
Further adjusted for education (<high school, ≥high school), postmenopausal status for women (yes, no), body mass index (kg/m2), blood lead (log μg/dL), C-reactive protein (log mg/L), total cholesterol (mg/dL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), cholesterol-lowering medication (yes, no), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), blood-pressure-lowering medication (yes, no), diabetes (yes, no), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute per 1.73 m2).
Further adjusted for smoking (never, former, current) and serum cotinine (log ng/mL).
Two-sided P values for linear trend across quintiles of cadmium were obtained by including blood- or creatinine-corrected medians corresponding to each quintile as continuous variables in the linear regression models.