. 2010 Aug 6;172(6):671–681. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq172

Table 3.

Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Peripheral Arterial Disease by Blood and Urine Cadmium Quintiles in Women (N = 3,123), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004^a

	Participants, No.		Model 1^b		Model 2^c		Model 3^d
	Cases	Noncases	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Blood Cadmium (μg/L)
Quintile 1 (≤0.26)	22	384	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Quintile 2 (0.26–0.3)	17	392	0.61	0.23, 1.58	0.61	0.23, 1.61	0.58	0.22, 1.54
Quintile 3 (0.4–0.5)	33	586	0.63	0.23, 1.71	0.64	0.23, 1.75	0.61	0.22, 1.69
Quintile 4 (0.6–0.7)	79	927	0.81	0.41, 1.58	0.76	0.40, 1.42	0.67	0.36, 1.24
Quintile 5 (≥0.8)	72	611	1.66	0.92, 3.00	1.49	0.86, 2.58	1.19	0.66, 2.16
P trend^e			<0.001		<0.001		0.01
Urine Cadmium (μg/g Creatinine)
Quintile 1 (<0.20)	10	130	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Quintile 2 (0.20–0.30)	23	465	0.44	0.14, 1.37	0.43	0.13, 1.36	0.42	0.13, 1.33
Quintile 3 (0.31–0.43)	37	773	0.35	0.14, 0.92	0.34	0.13, 0.94	0.32	0.12, 0.85
Quintile 4 (0.44–0.68)	61	887	0.29	0.11, 0.73	0.30	0.11, 0.80	0.24	0.09, 0.68
Quintile 5 (≥0.69)	92	645	0.78	0.30, 2.00	0.80	0.28, 2.31	0.56	0.18, 1.71
P trend^e			0.004		0.008		0.22

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

International system conversion factors: To convert blood cadmium to nmol/L, multiply by 8.896; to convert creatinine-corrected urine cadmium to nmol/mmol creatinine, multiply by 1.006.

Adjusted for age (years), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, other), and survey year.

Further adjusted for education (<high school, ≥high school), postmenopausal status for women (yes, no), body mass index (kg/m²), blood lead (log μg/dL), C-reactive protein (log mg/L), total cholesterol (mg/dL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), cholesterol-lowering medication (yes, no), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), blood-pressure-lowering medication (yes, no), diabetes (yes, no), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute per 1.73 m²).

Further adjusted for smoking (never, former, current) and serum cotinine (log ng/mL).

Two-sided P value for linear trend across quintiles of cadmium were obtained by including blood- or creatinine-corrected medians corresponding to each quintile as continuous variables in the linear regression models.