Table 3.

Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates^a of Heart Failure by Racial/Ethnic Group and Socioeconomic Position Across the Life Course, ARIC LC-SES Study, 1987–2004

Life Epochb	Blacks (n = 2,503)						Whites (n = 8,519)
	SEP Score	No. of Heart Failure Events	No. of Subjects	Total PY of Follow-up	Incidence Rate/1,000 PY	95% CI	SEP Score	No. of Heart Failure Events	No. of Subjects	Total PY of Follow-up	Incidence Rate/1,000 PY	95% CI
Overall		221	2,503	39,554.30	5.23	4.32, 6.33		537	8,519	136,510	3.18	2.81, 3.60
Early lifec
Low	3–4	88	833	13,123.3	6.09	4.97, 7.45	2–4	265	3,405	54,397.6	3.99	3.52, 4.53
Medium	2	77	893	14,068.5	5.16	4.48, 5.95	1	150	2,551	40,808.7	3.40	3.08, 3.75
High	0–1	56	777	12,362.6	4.38	3.46, 5.55	0	122	2,563	41,303.7	2.90	2.47, 4.00
P-trendd					0.0540						0.0028
Young adulthoode
Low	4–5	101	868	13,541.0	6.67	5.47, 8.13	3–5	203	2,211	35,149.8	4.56	3.96, 5.26
Medium	3	44	446	7,037.8	5.27	4.57, 6.06	2	115	2,075	33,396.3	3.61	3.29, 3.97
High	0–2	76	1,189	18,975.5	4.16	3.37, 5.14	0-1	219	4,233	67,963.9	2.86	2.51, 3.27
P-trend					0.0018						<0.0001
Mid-to-older adulthoodf
Low	4–6	87	683	10,602.5	7.20	5.81, 8.91	3–6	265	2,607	41,347.9	4.73	4.11, 5.43
Medium	3	79	791	12,506.5	5.30	4.60, 6.10	2	101	1,858	29,897.3	3.57	3.25, 3.92
High	0–2	55	1,029	16,445.3	3.89	3.10, 4.89	0–1	171	4,054	65,264.8	2.70	2.34, 3.11
P-trend					0.0004						<0.0001

Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CI, confidence interval; LC-SES, Life Course Socioeconomic Status, Social Context, and Cardiovascular Disease; PY, person-years; SEP, socioeconomic position.

^aIncidence rates were estimated and adjusted for mean age at baseline for blacks and whites, separately.

^bEach categorical early life epoch measure was generated by summing the individual-level SEP factors within each life epoch and dividing the total at the 25th and 75th percentiles. “Low,” “medium,” and “high” represent the most disadvantaged to the least disadvantaged, respectively.

^cSummary early-life SEP was generated by summing parental educational level, occupation, and home ownership status when the participant was 10 years of age. Data on individual-level SEP indicators were self-reported during the LC-SES Study (2001).

^dP value from a linear trend test.

^eYoung adulthood SEP consisted of the educational level, occupation, and home ownership status of the participant at age 30 years. Data on individual-level SEP indicators were collected during the LC-SES Study (2001).

^fMid-to-older adulthood SEP was a composite of the participant's income, occupation, and home ownership status at ARIC baseline (1987–1989).