Table 1.

Selected Characteristics of Population-based Prostate Cancer Cases and Controls in King County, Washington, 2002–2005

Characteristic	Cases (n = 1,001)		Controls (n = 942)		Odds Ratioa	95% CI
	No.	%	No.	%
Age, years, at reference date
35–49	93	9.3	96	10.2
50–54	108	10.8	113	12.0
55–59	184	18.4	174	18.5
60–64	218	21.8	187	19.9
65–69	210	21.0	202	21.4
70–74	188	18.8	170	18.0
Race
Caucasian	843	84.2	844	89.6	1.00	Referent
African American	158	15.8	98	10.4	1.69	1.29, 2.23
First-degree family history of prostate cancer
No	775	77.4	833	88.4	1.00	Referent
Yes	226	22.6	109	11.6	2.25	1.75, 2.89
Annual income, $
<15,000	48	5.0	47	5.1	0.86	0.56, 1.34
15,000–29,999	85	8.9	93	10.1	0.77	0.54, 1.08
30,000–49,999	189	19.7	169	18.4	0.95	0.72, 1.25
50,000–74,999	212	22.1	206	22.5	0.88	0.68, 1.13
75,000–99,999	141	14.7	157	17.1	0.76	0.57, 1.02
≥100,000	284	29.6	245	26.7	1.00	Referent
Missing	42		25
Education
≤ High school	196	19.6	181	19.2	1.00	Referent
Some college	241	24.1	210	22.3	1.07	0.81, 1.40
College degree	262	26.2	261	27.7	0.94	0.72, 1.22
Graduate degree	301	30.1	289	30.7	0.97	0.75, 1.25
Body mass index, kg/m2
<25	287	28.7	259	27.5	1.00	0.81, 1.24
25.0–29.9	492	49.2	444	47.1	1.00	Referent
30.0–34.9	168	16.8	186	19.8	0.81	0.64, 1.04
≥35.0	54	5.4	53	5.6	0.91	0.61, 1.36
Recent exercise, times/weekb
None	262	26.2	246	26.1	1.00	Referent
1–2	315	31.5	283	30.0	1.05	0.83, 1.33
3–4	251	25.1	244	25.9	0.97	0.76, 1.25
≥5	173	17.3	169	17.9	0.96	0.73, 1.27
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	428	42.8	429	45.6	1.00	Referent
Former smoker	462	46.2	394	41.9	0.94	0.70, 1.26
Current smoker	111	11.1	118	12.5	1.16	0.96, 1.41
Prostate cancer screeningc
None	133	13.3	136	14.4	1.00	Referent
Digital rectal examination only	159	15.9	263	27.9	0.62	0.46, 0.85
PSA test	709	70.8	543	57.6	1.36	1.04, 1.78
Migraines
Never	929	92.8	876	93.2	1.00	Referent
Ever	72	7.2	64	6.8	1.06	0.74, 1.50
Arthritis (rheumatoid or osteoarthritis)
Never	833	84.2	767	82.3	1.00	Referent
Ever	156	15.8	165	17.7	0.86	0.68, 1.10
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Never	819	81.9	759	80.7	1.00	Referent
Ever	181	18.1	181	19.3	0.92	0.73, 1.16
Gastrointestinal ulcer
Never	886	88.5	855	91.1	1.00	Referent
Ever	114	11.4	84	8.9	1.29	0.96, 1.74
Heart attack
Never	932	93.2	862	91.5	1.00	Referent
Ever	68	6.8	80	8.5	0.76	0.54, 1.08
Stroke
Never	968	96.7	907	96.6	1.00	Referent
Ever	32	3.2	32	3.4	0.93	0.57, 1.53
Gleason score
3–4	7	0.7
5–6	518	52.0
7 (3 + 4)	294	29.5
7 (4 + 3)	78	7.8
8–10	99	9.9
Missing	5
Stage of cancer
Local	819	81.8
Regional	160	16.0
Distant	22	2.2
PSA value, ng/mLd
<4.0	134	14.3	720	91.6
4.0–9.9	592	63.1	55	7.0
10.0–19.9	143	15.2	10	1.3
≥20.0	69	7.4	1	0.1
Missing	63		156
Prostate cancer aggressivenesse
Less aggressive	686	68.5
More aggressive	315	31.5

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

^aAdjusted for age at reference date.

^bExercise frequency 1 year before reference date.

^cProstate cancer within 5 years before reference date.

^dMeasured at diagnosis for cases and at interview for controls.

^eLess aggressive = Gleason ≤7 (3 + 4), local stage, and PSA <20 ng/mL; more aggressive = Gleason ≥7 (4 + 3) or regional/distant stage or PSA ≥20 ng/mL.