Figure 2. Three-dimensional ball paths and corresponding observed hand movements.

Spin direction (curve) is represented using different colours (orange = counter-clockwise spin [CCS]; blue = no spin [NS]; pink = clockwise spin [CS]). The middle panels depict the lateral hand position as a function of the time before the ball passes the goal line, averaged across 10 trials (five repetitions for two initial ball positions) and 10 novice participants. The bottom panels depict the simulated movements for the same conditions as predicted by our goalkeeper model, averaged across the two initial ball positions.