Table 3.

Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between lupus and exposure to selected drugs before diagnosis or index date

	Study subjects
Drug name	Case (n = 875)	Control (n = 3632)	Unadjusted OR* (95% CI)	Adjusted OR*†‡ (95% CI)
Drugs suspected of inducing lupus§
Hydralazine	4	2	8.91 (1.62, 48.94)	6.62 (1.03, 42.74)
Minocycline	50	49	4.35 (2.90, 6.52)	4.23 (2.65, 6.75)
Carbamazepine	28	49	2.39 (1.48, 3.85)	1.88 (1.09, 3.22)
Quinidine	2	2	3.94 (0.55, 28.17)	1.41 (0.17, 11.95)
Methyldopa	2	7	1.39 (0.29, 6.70)	1.40 (0.28, 7.11)
Captopril	11	24	1.97 (0.95, 4.09)	1.30 (0.57, 2.96)
Chlorpromazine	7	16	1.95 (0.78, 4.87)	0.86 (0.32, 2.33)
Procainamide	0	0	–	–
Propylthiouracil	0	0	–	–
Acebutolol	0	0	–	–
Isoniazid	3	0	–	–
‘Comparison’ drugs not suspected of inducing lupus
Doxycycline	123	299	2.05 (1.61, 2.61)	1.21 (0.92, 1.59)
Diazepam	86	228	1.66 (1.26, 2.18)	0.92 (0.68, 1.26)
Salbutamol	135	411	1.44 (1.16, 1.79)	0.96 (0.76, 1.22)

^*Reference category is the unexposed group for each drug.

^†ORs adjusted for time (in years) in database before diagnosis, and number of consultations in the year preceding diagnosis or index date.

^‡Control drugs additionally adjusted for exposure to lupus-inducing drug.

^§Drugs are reported to have high, moderate or low risk, based on number of case reports published in the literature [3].