Table 4.

Sex-specific adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between lupus and exposure to selected drugs before diagnosis or index date

	Women			Men
Drug name	Case (n = 721)	Control (n = 3012)	OR (95% CI)*†‡	Case (n = 154)	Control (n = 620)	OR (95% CI)*†‡	P value for interaction
Drugs suspected of inducing lupus§
Hydralazine	2	1	2.87 (0.26, 31.71)	2	1	13.1 (1.04, 166)	0.387
Minocycline	45	44	4.29 (2.61, 7.06)	5	5	4.47 (1.08, 18.58)	0.885
Carbamazepine	25	39	2.47 (1.37, 4.48)	3	10	0.60 (0.15, 2.38)	0.047
Quinidine	2	2	1.36 (0.16, 11.65)	0	0	–	–
Methyldopa	2	7	1.43 (0.28, 7.26)	0	0	–	–
Captopril	9	16	1.84 (0.71, 4.76)	2	8	0.53 (0.09, 3.21)	0.203
Chlorpromazine	3	12	0.51 (0.12, 2.15)	4	4	1.75 (0.40, 7.69)	0.301
‘Comparison’ drugs not suspected of inducing lupus
Doxycycline	110	275	1.17 (0.88, 1.56)	13	24	1.62 (0.66, 3.97)	0.608
Diazepam	73	203	0.87 (0.62, 1.21)	13	25	1.34 (0.59, 3.03)	0.437
Salbutamol	105	335	0.88 (0.68, 1.15)	30	76	1.29 (0.75, 2.22)	0.199

^*Reference category is the unexposed group for each drug.

^†ORs adjusted for time (in years) in database before diagnosis, and number of consultations in the year preceding diagnosis or index date.

^‡Control drugs additionally adjusted for exposure to lupus-inducing drug.

^§Drugs are reported to have high, moderate or low risk, based on number of case reports published in the literature [3].