Table 5.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for number of prescriptions and risk of lupus
| Study subjects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug name | Number of prescriptions* | Case (n = 875) | Control (n = 3632) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR†‡ (95% CI) |
| Drugs suspected of inducing lupus§ | |||||
| Minocycline | Unexposed | 825 | 3583 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 | 17 | 22 | 3.43 (1.81, 6.51) | 3.03 (1.49, 6.17) | |
| 2–3 | 13 | 12 | 4.31 (1.94, 9.60) | 6.10 (2.20, 16.93) | |
| ≥4 | 20 | 15 | 5.67 (2.88, 11.14) | 5.00 (2.37, 10.51) | |
| P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | ||||
| Carbamazepine | Unexposed | 847 | 3583 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 | 9 | 16 | 2.39 (1.05, 5.45) | 1.55 (0.62, 3.84) | |
| 2–6 | 4 | 17 | 0.96 (0.32, 2.89) | 0.94 (0.27, 3.25) | |
| ≥7 | 15 | 16 | 3.83 (1.88, 7.80) | 3.04 (1.34, 6.85) | |
| P < 0.001 | P = 0.011 | ||||
| Captopril | Unexposed | 864 | 3608 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1–13 Rx | 8 | 13 | 2.58 (1.06, 6.26) | 2.13 (0.79, 5.73) | |
| ≥14 Rx | 3 | 11 | 1.20 (0.32, 4.40) | 0.56 (0.14, 2.29) | |
| P = 0.180 | P = 0.970 | ||||
| Chlorpromazine | Unexposed | 868 | 3616 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 Rx | 4 | 11 | 1.60 (0.49, 5.27) | 0.63 (0.17, 2.26) | |
| ≥2 Rx | 3 | 5 | 2.65 (0.63, 11.2) | 1.48 (0.29, 7.42) | |
| P = 0.124 | P = 0.987 | ||||
| ‘Comparison’ drugs not suspected of inducing lupus | |||||
| Doxycycline | Unexposed | 752 | 3333 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 Rx | 69 | 208 | 1.64 (1.22, 2.20) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.45) | |
| 2–3 Rx | 43 | 71 | 3.30 (2.18, 4.99) | 1.60 (1.01, 2.54) | |
| ≥4 Rx | 11 | 20 | 2.80 (1.29, 6.05) | 1.56 (0.68, 3.55) | |
| P < 0.001 | P = 0.054 | ||||
| Diazepam | Unexposed | 789 | 3404 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 | 50 | 118 | 1.85 (1.30, 2.62 | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | |
| 2–3 | 19 | 53 | 1.64 (0.96, 2.81) | 0.79 (0.44, 1.42) | |
| ≥4 | 17 | 57 | 1.28 (0.74, 2.23) | 0.73 (0.40, 1.33) | |
| P = 0.009 | P = 0.297 | ||||
| Salbutamol | unexposed | 740 | 3221 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 Rx | 40 | 161 | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 0.85 (0.57, 1.26) | |
| 2–6 Rx | 52 | 126 | 1.85 (1.31, 2.59) | 1.23 (0.84, 1.79) | |
| ≥7 Rx | 43 | 124 | 1.49 (1.04, 2.15) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | |
| P < 0.001 | P = 0.744 | ||||
*
Categorization number of prescriptions based on distribution in controls.
†
Adjusted for years in database before diagnosis and number of consultations in year prior diagnosis.
‡
Drugs not known to induce lupus additionally adjusted for use of lupus drug yes/no.
§
Drugs are reported to have high, moderate or low risk, based on number of case reports published in the literature [3]. Rx prescription.