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(a) Phase lag (δ) is the angular difference between peak strains and peak stresses. Values for tensile and compressive oscillations may be determined. (b) Phase lag δ, plotted as tan δ, for the tensile (δt) and compressive (δc) half cycle obtained from bovine PDL specimens. Vertical bars indicate ±1 SD, reproduced from Sanctuary et al. [26], by permission.
