Table 2. Individual lignan intakes (μg/day) in Western countries.
| Location | Total | seco | mat | lar | pino | syr | med | enl | end | N | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 106 | 70 | 34 | 545 | 200261 | ||||||
| 579 | 534 | 25 | * | 939 | 200272 | ||||||
| 137 | 110 | 23 | 195 | 200662 | |||||||
| 140 | 115 | 25 | 846b | 200663 | |||||||
| Canada | 857 | 533 | 7 | 74 | 107 | 3471 | 200868 | ||||
| Mexico | 463a | 123 | 2 | 237 | 102 | 50 | 200767 | ||||
| 372a | 123 | 2 | 174 | 73 | 50 | 200767 | |||||
| Finland | 434a | 396 | 38 | 2862b,e | 200370 | ||||||
| France | 1112 | 178 | 11 | 500 | 423 | 58049 | 200769 | ||||
| Germany | 563 | 529 | 29 | 666 | 200473 | ||||||
| 183 | 167 | 15 | 7 | 200574 | |||||||
| 570 | 549 | 21 | 47 | 200574 | |||||||
| Italy | 666 | 335 | 21 | 176 | 97 | 242d | 200975 | ||||
| Netherlands | 1081 | 992 | 74 | 16165 | 200566 | ||||||
| 977 | 152 | 11 | 476 | 334 | 570c | 200676 | |||||
| 979 | 191 | 9 | 488 | 362 | 637b | 200771 | |||||
| Sweden | 1632 | 115 | 24 | 179 | 149 | 831 | 322 | 9 | 0 | 45448 | 200865 |
| UK | 110 | 101 | 8 | 108e | 200564 | ||||||
| 149 | 142 | 9 | 108 | 200564 |
Notes:
*
blanks indicate no data
a
means; all others are medians
b
both men and women all others are women only, except “c”
c
men
d
3 day weighed record; all others are FFQs except “e”
e
24 hour recall
Abbreviations: seco - secoisolariciresinol, mat - matairesinol, lar - lariciresinol, pino - pinoresinol, syr - syringaresinol, med - medioresinol, enl - enterolactone, end - enterodiol
NB: Studies that provided only combined values for matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol were not included.