Fig. 4.

CNS leptin administration improves hyperglucagonemia. Pancreatic levels of preproglucagon mRNA and glucagon levels (A); plasma glucagon contents (B); hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK), glycogen synthetase 2 (GYS2), and β-actin (used as a loading control) protein levels (C); and hepatic glycogen contents (D) in T1D-icv-PBS and T1D-icv-Leptin-50 mice 10 d following stereotaxic surgery and in age-matched nondiabetic control mice. Error bars represent SEM (n = 4–7). Statistical analyses were done using one-way ANOVA (Tukey's posttest). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. T1D-icv-PBS mice. NS, not statistically different.