Fig. 4.

Competition–defense tradeoffs were not associated with particular ecological traits of studies (A–D) or potential experimental artifacts (E–G). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Sample sizes for categorical variables are given across the top of each panel. Ecological traits: (A) system type; (B) organismal complexity; (C) resource manipulated (L: light; N: nitrogen; P: phosphorous); (D) consumer manipulated. Potential artifacts: (E) study venue; (F) community assembly; (G) response variable; (H) effect of study duration. In H, symbol shading follows Fig. 3.