Table 4.

Experiment 2: effects of the mixture of procymidone and DBP on the dams and their male SD rat offspring. Data on the F1 male offspring includes neonatal weight and anogenital distance (AGD), retained female-like nipples at 13 days of age and reproductive organ weights and incidences of reproductive tract malformations taken at full maturity.

Percent of the top dose (%)	0	4.17	8.33	16.7	33.3	50	66.7	83.3	100
Procymidone (mg/kg)	0	6.25	12.5	25	50	75	100	125	150
DBP (mg/kg)	0	46.88	93.75	187.5	375	562	750	937.5	1125
Number litters/males necropsied	4/29	3/20	3/22	3/20	4/22	4/22	4/21	4/23	3/15
Maternal weight gain (g)^a	28 ± 1.4	29.3 ± 5.54	31.17 ± 4	24.8 ± 7.3	18.4 ± 3.53	9.43 ± 10	11.4 ± 5	14.4 ± 0.4	12.3 ± 2.5
AGD day 3 (mm)^a	3.31 ± 0.11	3.48 ± 0.044	3.43 ± 0.138	3.13 ± 0.048	2.72^** ± 0.154	2.29^** ± 0.152	2.11^** ± 0.06	2.105^** ± 0.07	2.011^** ± 0.04
Pup weight day 3 (g)^a	7.65 ± 0.22	7.85 ± 0.13	7.83 ± 0.36	7.97 ± 0.02	8.21 ± 0.16	7.19 ± 0.58	7.59 ± 0.163	7.4 ± 0.21	6.1^** ± 0.45
Number of areolae/nipples day 13^a	0 ± 0	0.11 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.17	0.89 ± 0.65	6.27^** ± 0.97	8.1^** ± 1.9	11.96^** ± 0.04	11.83^** ± 0.17	12^** ± 0
Age at preputial separation days of age^a	43.9 ± 0.6	46.8 ± 2.8	43.9 ± 1.1	45.1 ± 1.2	45.9 ± 0.8	55.6^** ± 1.5	53.0^** 1 litter	ND	ND
Body weight (g)^a at Preputial Separation	222.7 ± 12.2	233.7 ± 6.5	226.9 ± 10.6	233.6 ± 14.3	246.2 ± 9.6	288.3^** ± 9.6	273.4^* 1 litter	ND	ND
Hypospadias at preputial separation^b	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	27.2%^** ± 9.7	72.7%^** ± 9.7	78.3%^** ± 8.8	100%^** ± 0
Vaginal pouch^b at preputial separation	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	68%^** ± 10.1	43.5%^* ± 10.6	100%^** ± 0
Undescended testes at preputial separation^b	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	0% ± 0	4.5% ± 4.5	45.5%^** ± 10.9	39.1%^** ± 10.4	87.5%^** ± 8.5
Adult necropsy data	% of top dose

	0	4.17	8.33	16.7	33.3	Adult necropsy data	66.7	83.3	100

Body weight at necropsy (g)^a	596 ± 19.3	559 ± 33	571 ± 25	612 ± 21	580 ± 18	532 ± 19	551 ± 15	568 ± 3	466^** ± 66
Number of permanent nipples/male of 12 possible^a	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0.03 ± 0.03	0 ± 0	2.8^** ± 1.0	7.6^** ± 0.7	10.7^** ± 0.8	10.6^** ± 0.6	12^** ± 0
Glans penis weight (mg)^a (not including malformed tissues)	118 ± 2.4	123 ± 4.3	112 ± 4.0	118 ± 1.9	118 ± 2.4	95^** ± 6.7	107 ND^c	134 ± 17	ND
Ventral prostate weight (mg)^a	828 ± 48	700 ± 64	593 ± 34	718 ± 95	692 ± 55	532^** ± 60	195^** ± 90	106^** ± 25	0^** ± 0
Seminal vesicle weight (g)^a	1.81 ± 0.14	1.56 ± 0.15	1.76 ± 0.06	1.77 ± 0.13	1.77 ± 0.10	0.698^** ± 0.218	0.469^** ± 0.175	0^** ± 0	0^** ± 0
Levator ani bulbocavernosus muscles weight (mg)^a	1508 ± 88	1403 ± 80	1433 ± 49	1404 ± 48	1293^* ± 54	929^** ± 73	728^** ± 61	701^** ± 47	410^** ± 103
Cowper’s glands (mg)^a	144 ± 18	145 ± 16	157 ± 9.0	160 ± 10	133 ± 16	150 ± 12	97 ± 33	124 ± 23	51^** ± 33
Paired testes weights (g)^a	3.42 ± 0.11	3.47 ± 0.19	3.54 ± 0.12	3.49 ± 0.07	3.81 ± 0.23	2.28^** ± 0.33	2.58^* ± 0.41	2.18^** ± 0.15	1.24^** ± 0.43
Epididymal weight (mg)^a	1260 ± 53	1245 ± 47	1232 ± 52	1229 ± 12	1252 ± 47	369^** ± 120	291^** ± 249	51.5^** ± 30	47.7^** ± 47.7
Number males necropsied	29	20	22	20	22	22	21	23	15
Percentage males with malformations
Hypospadias, cleft phallus or exposed os penis^b	0	0	0	0	0	27.2⁺⁺	67⁺⁺	87⁺⁺	100⁺⁺
Malformed vas deferens^b	0	0	0	0	0	77⁺⁺	67⁺⁺	91⁺⁺	100⁺⁺
Undescended testis^b	0	0	0	0	0	18⁺	19⁺	43⁺⁺	87⁺⁺
Testis with seminiferous tubular degeneration	7	0	0	5	5	87⁺⁺	81⁺⁺	100⁺⁺	100⁺⁺
Testis with interstitial cell Adenoma	0	0	0	0	0	0	19⁺	17⁺	33⁺⁺
Malformed gubernaculum^b	0	0	0	0	0	27⁺⁺	43⁺⁺	91⁺⁺	86⁺⁺
Malformed testis^b	0	0	0	0	0	55⁺⁺	81⁺⁺	74⁺⁺	67⁺⁺
Malformed seminal vesicle^b	0	0	0	0	0	59⁺⁺	95⁺⁺	96⁺⁺	100⁺⁺
Malformed ventral prostate^b	0	0	0	0	0	32⁺⁺	48⁺⁺	100⁺⁺	100⁺⁺
Malformed epididymis	0	0	0	0	0	72⁺⁺	71⁺⁺	96⁺⁺	93⁺⁺
Any permanent nipples (yes or no)	0	0	0	0	24.2⁺	62.5⁺⁺	88.1⁺⁺	88.0⁺⁺	100⁺⁺

ND—not determined. Shaded areas bolded values differ significantly from control by ANOVA.

Litter means and standard errors.

% individuals affected.

n = 1, the rest were malformed.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

⁺

p < 0.05 from control by two tailed Fishers exact test.

⁺⁺

p < 0.01 from control by two tailed Fishers exact test.