Figure 1.

The cigarette smoke extract (CSE) skews the C. pneumoniae–induced Th1-like response toward a Th2-like response in vitro. The bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were treated with CSE alone (3% and 10%) and/or C. pneumoniae, and 24 hours later the supernatants were harvested. Concentrations of IL-12p70 (A, B), IL-5 (C, D), and IL-4 (E, F) were measured using ELISA. (A, C, E) Wild-type BMDC mice (open bars). (B, D, F) Wild-type (open bars), TLR2 KO (shaded bars), and TLR4 KO (solid bars) mice. There were 12 experiments, and each treatment was performed in triplicate. Statistically significant differences are denoted as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA and the Student t test.