TABLE 2.
Weighted Ordinary Least Square and Instrumental Variables (2-Stage Least Square) Models for Body Mass Index Among Adults (N = 2255): Los Angeles Family and Neighborhoods Survey, 2000–2001
| Ordinary Least Squares Model Ba (95% CI) | P | Instrumental Variable Model Ba (95% CI) | P | |
| Resident perceives neighborhood as unsafe | −0.07 (–1.07, 0.93) | .89 | 2.81 (0.11, 5.52) | .042 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | 0.001 (−0.03, 0.03) | .93 | 0.004 (–0.03, 0.03) | .78 |
| Female gender | –1.17 (1.71, −0.62) | <.001 | –1.22 (–1.74, −0.70) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Latino | 1.55 (0.33, 2.77) | .01 | 1.58 (0.31, 2.85) | .02 |
| Black | 0.36 (−0.61, 1.34) | .46 | 0.32 (−0.69, 1.33) | .53 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | −0.51 (−2.00, 0.98) | .5 | −0.40 (−1.83, 1.03 | .58 |
| Native American | 0.87 (−0.92, 2.67) | .34 | 0.62 (−1.40, 2.63) | .54 |
| Married | 0.41 (−0.28, 1.10) | .24 | 0.30 (−0.38, 0.97) | .38 |
| Immigration status | ||||
| First-generation immigrant | −1.09 (−1.95, −0.23) | .01 | −1.16 (−2.03, −0.28) | .01 |
| Second-generation immigrant | −0.80 (−2.00, 0.40) | .19 | −0.91 (−2.07, 0.24) | .12 |
| Nonimmigrant (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Annual household income | ||||
| $0 | −1.03 (−2.10, 0.04) | .06 | −1.11 (−2.26, 0.04) | .06 |
| $1–$20 000 | 0.14 (−0.71, 1.00) | .74 | 0.06 (−0.82, 0.94) | .89 |
| $20 001–$40 000 | 0.56 (−0.35, 1.47) | .23 | 0.50 (−0.39, 1.39) | .27 |
| > $40 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high-school degree (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| High-school degree or GED | 0.14 (−0.61, 0.88) | .72 | 0.12 (−0.65, 0.90) | .75 |
| Some college or vocational school or higher | 0.13 (−0.85, 1.12) | .79 | 0.13 (−0.92, 1.19) | .8 |
| Currently employed | 0.11 (−0.81, 1.03) | .81 | 0.21 (−0.70, 1.12) | .65 |
| Reported health insurance coverage in past 30 d | 0.24 (−0.39, 0.86) | .45 | 0.30 (−0.34, 0.94) | .36 |
| Health characteristics | ||||
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Poor, fair | 0.43 (−0.47, 1.32) | .35 | 0.08 (−0.89, 1.05) | .87 |
| Good, very good, excellent (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Current smoker | −0.63 (−1.57, 0.32) | .19 | −0.75 (−1.75, 0.25) | .14 |
| Presence of chronic disease | 1.93 (1.18, 2.67) | <.001 | 2.00 (1.31, 2.68) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||
| SES index (census tracts)b | ||||
| Very deprived tracts | 1.35 (0.42, 2.27) | .005 | 0.65 (−0.36, 1.66) | .2 |
| Deprived tracts | 0.86 (0.13, 1.60) | .02 | 0.55 (−0.09, 1.20) | .09 |
| Not deprived tracts (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GED = General Educational Development diploma.
a
Instrumental variables: self-report of household crime and collective efficacy.
b
As defined by 2000 US Census Summary File 3: very deprived census tracts (90th-100th percentile rank for percentage of residents living in poverty); deprived tracts (60th-89th percentile rank); and not deprived tracts (1st to 59th percentile rank).44