TABLE 2.

Evaluation Methods for Environmental Interventions, by Category of Outcome Measure for HEAC, CROPP, and CHI: The California Endowment and Kaiser Permanente, California

Outcome Category	HEAC	CCROPP	CHI
Short-term: process	Grantee surveys and progress reports	Grantee surveys and progress reports	Progress reporting to document movement toward change
	Stakeholder surveys to assess activities and progress in each sector	Stakeholder surveys with government officials	Key informant interviews to assess coalition functioning
Intermediate: environmental change	Tailored environmental assessments of food and physical activity environment in schools, worksites, health care organizations, grocery stores, and other neighborhood settings	Observation of physical activity opportunities in public health departments	Verification by observation or progress reporting of specific environmental changes proposed by initiatives
		Tracking farmer's market characteristics: foods for sale, signage, EBT/WIC voucher acceptance
		Tracking physical activity environment in neighborhoods
Long-term
Impact on people most directly exposed to environmental changes	Tracking food and beverage sales in schools, worksites, and health care settings	Tracking food and beverage sales in public health departments, and farmers markets	Calculating “affected reach” a
	School and after school student physical activity level assessments	Community resident focus groups
Population-level impact on health behaviors, awareness, and engagement	School-based youth surveys	Community resident surveyd	School-based youth surveys
	Fitnessgram data analysisb		Fitnessgram data analysisb
	Community resident surveysc		Interactive Voice Response surveys of adults
			Clinical data (e.g., body mass index) on Kaiser Permanente members only

Note. CCROPP = Central California Regional Obesity Prevention Program; CHI = Community Health Initiative; HEAC = Healthy Eating, Active Communities; EBT = electronic bank transfer; PE = physical education; WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women and Infant Children.

^aAssessments combine estimates of the number of people exposed with effect sizes from program evaluations or literature review.

^bTo assess student fitness and body mass index.

^cTo assess program awareness and support for environmental changes (e.g., aware of improvements in school food, shop in improved retail outlets).

^dTo assess program awareness and support for environmental changes (e.g., use of farmer's markets, parks, and awareness of CCROPP).