TABLE 3.
Logistic Regression Models Predicting Obesity, Self-Rated Physical and Mental Health, and Depressive Symptoms Among Native-Born and Foreign-Born Pregnant Black Women: Philadelphia, PA, 1999–2004
| Obesea |
Self-Rated Physical Health Fair–Poor |
Self-Rated Mental Health Fair–Poor |
Depressive Symptomsb |
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| Model 1,c OR (95% CI) | Model 2,d OR (95% CI) | Model 1,c OR (95% CI) | Model 2,d OR (95% CI) | Model 1,c OR (95% CI) | Model 2,d OR (95% CI) | Model 1,c OR (95% CI) | Model 2,d OR (95% CI) | |
| Place of birth | ||||||||
| United States (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Africa | 0.45 (0.27, 0.76) | 0.41 (0.24, 0.70) | 0.23 (0.07, 0.72) | 0.27 (0.08, 0.88) | 0.27 (0.13, 0.59) | 0.38 (0.17, 0.84) | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) | 1.52 (0.92, 2.52) |
| Caribbean | 0.55 (0.37, 0.82) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.74) | 0.46 (0.24, 0.89) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.95) | 0.31 (0.18, 0.55) | 0.36 (0.20, 0.65) | 1.35 (0.96, 1.90) | 1.61 (1.11, 2.33) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married/cohabiting | 1.04 (0.83, 1.29) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.57) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.95) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.32) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.87) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.97) |
| Other | 0.71 (0.39, 1.28) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.30) | 1.26 (0.58, 2.71) | 1.42 (0.65, 3.10) | 0.95 (0.50, 1.82) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.23) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.12) | 1.29 (0.71, 2.36) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| < High school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High school | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.59 (0.41, 0.83) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.16) | 0.55 (0.42, 0.77) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.86) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) |
| > High school | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.13) | 0.63 (0.51, 0.77) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.10) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.84) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.11) |
| Material hardship indexe | ||||||||
| Low (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.32) | 1.60 (1.17, 2.19) | 1.36 (0.98, 1.88) | 1.46 (1.13, 1.88) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 1.61 (1.27, 2.04) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.60) |
| High | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) | 1.91 (1.38, 2.64) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.96) | 1.94 (1.49, 2.51) | 1.18 (0.88, 1.57) | 2.03 (1.59, 2.60) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) |
| Very high | 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) | 1.92 (1.36, 2.70) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.85) | 2.62 (2.01, 3.42) | 1.36 (1.00, 1.85) | 3.19 (2.49, 4.09) | 1.68 (1.27, 2.24) |
| Material supportf | ||||||||
| High (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | 2.01 (1.54, 2.62) | 1.60 (1.20, 2.13) | 2.56 (2.07, 3.16) | 1.76 (1.39, 2.23) | 2.39 (1.95, 2.93) | 1.60 (1.28, 2.00) |
| Objective stress scoreg | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.17 (1.12, 1.22) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 1.27 (1.22, 1.32) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.22) | 1.24 (1.20, 1.29) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20) |
| Health behaviors | ||||||||
| Smokingh | 0.68 (0.55, 0.84) | 0.62 (0.49, 0.78) | 1.70 (1.34, 2.25) | 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) | 2.58 (2.10, 3.17) | 1.56 (1.23, 1.97) | 1.68 (1.37, 2.05) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) |
| Alcohol usei | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 1.42 (1.13, 1.80) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.49) | 1.51 (1.25, 1.82) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.29) | 1.63 (1.37, 1.94) | 1.36 (1.11, 1.65) |
| Marijuana usei | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 1.68 (1.30, 2.16) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) | 2.41 (1.97, 2.95) | 1.50 (1.18, 1.90) | 1.89 (1.56, 2.30) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Body mass of index 30 kg/m2 or higher, calculated from self-reported prepregnancy height and weight.
Score of 23 or higher on Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
Bivariate associations, adjusted for age only.
Adjusted for all individual-level explanatory variables shown.
Derived from 5 questions (range = 1–5) regarding inability to pay monthly bills and to afford food, leisure activities, medical care, and clothing (low = < 7; moderate = 7–10; high = 11–15; very high ≥ 16).
Dichotomous measure based on a yes (high) or no (low) response to all of the following: Do you know someone who (1) would take you to the doctor? (2) would loan you $100? (3) would help you with daily chores if you were sick? (4) you could talk to about problems? and (5) would watch your children?
Composite measure assessing housing, interpersonal conflict, material hardship, and neighborhood danger.
During pregnancy.
In 12 months before pregnancy.