TABLE 1.

Studies in Meta-Analysis of Effects of Alcohol Taxes and Prices on Health and Social Indicators

	Outcome Category	Population	Country	Cross-Sectional Unit	No. Repeated Observations	Data Collection Period
Adrian et al. 200111	Traffic	Adults	Canada	State/province	19	1972–1990
Birckmayer and Hemenway 199912	Suicide	Adults and youths	United States	State/province	21	1970–1990
Chaloupka and Laixuthai 199713	Traffic	Youths	United States	Individual	2	1982–1989
	Traffic	Youths	United States	Individual	1	1989–1989
Chaloupka et al. 199314	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State/province	7	1982–1988
Chesson et al. 200015	STDs/risky sex	Adults and youths	United States	State/province	15	1981–1995
Cook et al. 200516	Mortality/morbidity	Adults	United States	State/province	32	1970–2001
Cook and Tauchen 198217	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	United States	State/province	16	1962–1977
Cuellar et al. 200418	Crime	Youths	United States	Individual	1	1994–1997
Dee 199919	Traffic	Youths	United States	State/province	16	1977–1992
Evans et al. 199120	Traffic	Adults	United States	State/province	12	1975–1986
Grossman and Markowitz 199921	Crime/misbehavior	Youths	United States	Individual	3	1989–1991
	Violence	Youths	United States	Individual	3	1989–1991
Grossman and Markowitz 200522	STDs/risky sex	Youths	United States	Individual	1	1991–1999
Heien and Pompelli 198723	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	United States	State/province	9	1968–1977
Herttua et al. 200824	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	Finland	Country	2	2001–2005
Herttua et al. 200825	Crime/misbehavior	Adults	Finland	City	2	2002–2005
	Crime/misbehavior	Adults	Finland	City	4	2002–2005
	Violence	Adults	Finland	City	2	2002–2005
	Violence	Adults	Finland	City	4	2002–2005
Jimenez and Labeaga 199426	Drug use	Adults	Spain	Country	1	1980–1981
Koski et al. 200727	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	Finland	Country	783	1990–2004
Markowitz 200028	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	1	1985–1987
	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	2	1985–1987
Markowitz 200029	Crime/misbehavior	Adults	Multiple	Individual	1	1989–1992
	Violence	Adults	Multiple	Individual	1	1989–1992
Markowitz 200030	Violence	Youths	United States	Individual	1	1991–1995
Markowitz 200531	Crime/misbehavior	Adults	United States	Individual	3	1992–1994
	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	3	1992–1994
Markowitz et al. 200332	Suicide	Adults and youths	United States	State	24	1976–1999
Markowitz and Grossman 199833	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	1	1976–1976
Markowitz and Grossman 200034	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	1	1976–1985
	Violence	Adults	United States	Individual	2	1976–1985
Markowitz et al. 200535	STDs/risky sex	Adults and youths	United States	State	21	1981–2001
	STDs/risky sex	Adults and youths	United States	MSA	20	1982–2001
Mast et al. 199936	Traffic	Adults	United States	State	9	1984–1992
Matthews et al. 200637	Violence	Adults	Great Britain	State/province	10	1995–2000
Mullahy and Sindelar 199438	Traffic	Adults	United States	Individual	1	1988–1988
Nelson and Young 200139	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	Multiple	Country	19	1977–1995
	Traffic	Adults	Multiple	Country	19	1977–1995
Ohsfeldt and Morrisey 199740	Other morbidity	Adults	United States	State	10	1975–1985
Pacula 199841	Other drug use	Youths	United States	Individual	2	1979–1984
Ponicki et al. 200742	Traffic	Youths	United States	State	27	1975–2001
Ruhm 199543	Traffic	Adults	United States	State	14	1975–1988
Ruhm 199644	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	7	1982–1988
Rush et al. 198645	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	United States, Canada	State/province	28	1955–1982
Saffer 199746	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	City	16	1986–1989
Saffer and Chaloupka 198947	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	6	1980–1985
Saffer and Grossman 198748	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	7	1975–1981
Saffer and Grossman 198749	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	7	1975–1981
Schweitzer et al. 198350	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	United States	State	1	1975–1975
Sen 200351	STDs/risky sex	Youths	United States	Individual	4	1985–1996
Skog and Melberg 200652	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	Denmark	Country	21	1911–1931
Sloan et al. 199453	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	United States	State	7	1982–1988
	Traffic	Adults	United States	State	7	1982–1988
	Suicide	Adults	United States	State	7	1982–1988
Smart and Mann 199854	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults	Canada	Province	19	1975–1993
	Traffic	Adults	Canada	Province	19	1975–1993
Wagenaar et al. 200955	Alcohol-related mortality	Adults and youths	United States	State	116	1976–2004
Whetten-Goldstein et al. 200056	Traffic	Youths	United States	State	12	1984–1995
Wilkinson 198757	Traffic	Adults	United States	State	5	1976–1980
Yamasaki et al. 200558	Suicide	Adults	Switzerland	Country	30	1965–1994
Young and Bielinska-Kwapisz 200659	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	19	1982–2000
Young and Likens 200060	Traffic	Adults and youths	United States	State	9	1982–1990

Note. MSA=metropolitan statistical area; STD = sexually transmitted disease.