Myogenic and urothelium-induced growth factors secreted from bladder cell culture conditions. Human BMSCs (p4) were cultured with SMCs/urothelium (coculture) or CM from SMCs/urothelium and media collected after 12 h and 14 days for growth factor estimation by ELISA. (i) PDGF and (ii) TGF-β1 levels were very low and are plotted as a percentage of control (dotted arrow). However, (iii) HGF and (iv) VEGF were significantly secreted into the media during coculture as well as with CM, represented as actual concentration (pg/mL). Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels were biologically insignificant and are hence not depicted. 1, BMSC coculture with SMCs (12 h); 2, BMSC coculture with urothelium (12 h); 3, SMC-CM (12 h); 4, urothelium-CM (12 h); 5, BMSC coculture with SMCs (14 days); 6, BMSC coculture with urothelium (14 days); 7, SMC-CM (14 days); 8, urothelium-CM (14 days). PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.