Table 2.

Pre-genomic estimates of mutation rates (µ_n and U_D) in mammals

Organism	µn	UD	Method	Reference
Human	10−8		Indirect, pseudogene substitution rates	111
Human	2.5 × 10−8	3	Indirect, pseudogene substitution rates	112
Human		1.6	Indirect, Synonymous/non-synonymous substitution rates	113
Human	1.8 × 10−8		Direct, disease mutations	83
Murid	2.96 × 10−9 3.12 × 10−9’	0.91	Indirect-substitution rates in coding, non-coding DNA	114
Mouse	6.6 × 10−6 per locus		Direct, visible markers	115

µ_n, mutation rate per base, U_D, deleterious mutation rate per diploid genome. Units for µ_n are presented as the number of mutations/base/generation; for U_D, the number of deleterious mutations/genome/generation.