Table 1.
Summary of the Genes/Proteins Assayed in the Study and Their Functions
| Protein/gene abbreviation | Full name | Function |
|---|---|---|
| HNE | 4-Hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal | Caspase activation Cell death Induction of TGF-β1 Disruption of neuronal calcium homeostasis |
| 8-OHdG | 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine | Cell cycle arrest Cell death |
| p53 | Protein 53 Tumor suppressor protein |
Cell cycle arrest Apoptosis Senescence DNA repair |
| p21 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | Cell cycle arrest |
| Bcl-2 | B-cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 | Inhibits apoptosis |
| Bax | Bcl-2 associated X-protein | Promotes apoptosis |
| Bak | Bcl-2 antogonist killer | Promotes apoptosis |
| Mdm2 | Murine double minute 2 | Negative regulator of p53 tumor suppressor |
| Complex I | NADH ubiquinol dehydrogenase | Accepts electrons from NADH, transfers them to ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), and uses the energy released to pump protons across the mitochondria inner membrane |
| Complex II | Succinate dehydrogenase | Catalyzes the electron transport from succinate to ubiquinone |
| Complex III | Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase | Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol (reduced Coenzyme Q10) to cytochrome c and utilizes the energy to translocate protons from inside the mitochondrial inner membrane to outside |
| Complex IV | Cytochrome c oxidoreductase | Collects electrons from reduced cytochrome c and transfers them to oxygen to produce water; the energy released is used to transport protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane |
| Complex V | ATP synthase | Catalyzes the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with energy derived from electrochemical proton gradients |
| Prl3d1 (PL-I) | Prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1 (placental lactogen 1) | Mammary gland development Maintenance of corpus luteum integrity Progesterone and relaxin biosynthesis |
| Prl3b1 (PL-II) | Prolactin family 3, subfamily b, member 1 (placental lactogen 2) | Mammary gland development Maintanence of corpus luteum integrity Progesterone and relaxin biosynthesis |
| PRL-R | Prolactin receptor | Mammary gland development Progesterone production Lactation Fertility Implantation Activation of Jak kinase, STAT1, −3, −5, Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathways |