Table 4.
Multivariable-Adjusted Mean Changes in Anthropometric Measures Among Pregnancy Groups by Racea
| Growth and Adiposity Indices by Race | Mean Change (95% Confidence Interval) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy Group |
Group Differences |
P Valueb |
||||||
| Nulligravidasc | Nulliparous Gravidasd | Primiparase | Multiparasf | Primiparas vs Nulligravidas | Multiparas vs Nulligravidas | Overall | Race Interaction | |
| Height, cm | ||||||||
| Black | 22.3 (20.0 to 22.6) | 23.1 (22.3 to 23.9) | 22.3 (21.8 to 22.8) | 22.0 (21.0 to 23.0) | 0 (−0.6 to 0.6) | −0.3 (−1.3 to 0.7) | .17 | .13 |
| White | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.7) | 23.5 (22.6 to 24.4) | 24.3 (23.3 to 25.3) | 23.1 (20.8 to 25.4) | 0.1 (−0.9 to 1.1) | −1.1 (−3.4 to 1.2) | .36 | |
| Weight, kg | ||||||||
| Black | 31.3 (30.3 to 32.3) | 30.3 (28.1 to 32.5) | 34.9 (33.3 to 36.5)g | 37.3 (34.5 to 40.1)g | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.3)g | 6.0 (3.3 to 8.7)g | <.001 | .06 |
| White | 31.0 (30.0 to 32.0) | 27.3 (24.9 to 29.7)h | 32.7 (30.1 to 35.3) | 29.4 (23.0 to 35.8) | 1.7 (−1.0 to 4.4) | − 1.6 (−7.9 to 4.7) | <.01 | |
| Body mass indexi | ||||||||
| Black | 6.8 (6.4 to 7.2) | 6.5 (5.7 to 7.3) | 8.1 (7.5 to 8.7)g | 9.1 (8.1 to 10.1)g | 1.3 (0.7 to 1.9)g | −2.3 (1.3 to 3.3)g | <.001 | .08 |
| White | 6.8 (6.4 to 7.2) | 5.3 (4.3 to 6.3)g | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.4) | 6.1 (3.7 to 8.5) | 0.6 (−0.4 to 1.6) | −0.6 (−2.9 to 1.7) | <.001 | |
| Waist circumference, cmj | ||||||||
| Black | 11.0 (10.2 to 11.8 | 10.3 (8.9 to 11.7) | 14.4 (13.4 to 15.4)g | 16.2 (14.2 to 18.2)g | 3.5 (2.3 to 4.7)g | 5.2 (3.2 to 7.2)g | <.001 | .24 |
| White | 11.6 (10.8 to 12.4) | 10.0 (8.2 to 11.8) | 14.0 (12.2 to 15.8)k | 12.4 (8.0 to 16.8) | 2.4 (0.4 to 4.4)k | 0.8 (−3.6 to 5.2) | <.01 | |
| Hip circumference,cmj | ||||||||
| Black | 20.6 (20.0 to 21.2) | 20.3 (19.9 to 21.7) | 22.7 (21.7 to 23.7)g | 24.6 (22.8 to 26.4)g | 2.1 (0.9 to 3.3)g | 4.0 (2.1 to 5.9)g | <.001 | .02 |
| White | 21.0 (20.4 to 21.6) | 18.5 (16.9 to 20.1)h | 22.1 (20.3 to 23.9) | 19.2 (15.0 to 23.4) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 3.0) | − 1.9 (−6.2 to 2.4) | .01 | |
| Waist to hip ratioj | ||||||||
| Black | −0.057 (−0.061 to −0.053) | −0.060 (−0.068 to −0.052) | −0.037 (−0.042 to −0.031)g | 0.033 (−0.043 to −0.023)g | 0.019 (0.013 to 0.025)g | 0.023 (0.013 to 0.033)g | <.001 | .62 |
| White | −0.053 (−0.057 to −0.049) | −0.049 (−0.057 to −0.041) | −0.036 (−0.046 to −0.026)g | −0.034 (−0.056 to −0.013) | 0.017 (0.007 to 0.027)h | 0.020 | <.01 (−0.004 to 0.044) | |
| Body fat % | ||||||||
| Black | 9.5 (8.7 to 10.3) | 10.4 (8.8 to 12.0) | 12.9 (11.7 to 14.1)g | 14.0 (12.0 to 16.0)g | 3.4 (2.1 to 4.7)g | 4.6 (2.5 to 6.7)g | <.001 | .003 |
| White | 9.5 (8.7 to 10.3) | 6.5 (4.7 to 8.3)h | 10.4 (8.4 to 12.4) | 10.0 (5.2 to 14.8) | 0.9 (−1.2 to 3.0) | 0.4 (−4.4 to 5.2) | <.01 | |
Adjusted for baseline measurement, age, study center, family income, parental education, age at menarche, hours of television/video watching at baseline, and height at visits 9 or 10 for change in weight.
Significance level for multiple comparisons is P < .0165.
n = 503 black females; n = 739 white females.
n = 114 black females; n = 82 white females.
n = 237 black females; n = 74 white females.
n = 72 black females; n = 12 white females.
P < .001, pairwise comparison of pregnancy group with referent, nulligravidas.
P < .01, pairwise comparison of pregnancy group with referent, nulligravidas.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
First measurement was at the second study visit (age, 10-11 years).
P < .05, pairwise comparison of pregnancy group with referent nulligravidas.