Table 6.
Gene–environment interaction between HLA-SE (none, any) and smoking status (never, past, current) in all rheumatoid arthritis (RA) groups and in groups stratified by serological status in the Nurses’ Health Studies
| HLA-SE | Smoking status | All RA | Seropositive RA | Seronegative RA | ||||
| Cases/controls | OR* (95% CI) | OR† (95% CI) | Cases/controls | OR‡ (95% CI) | Cases/controls | OR‡ (95% CI) | ||
| None | Never | 81/111 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 42/111 | 1.00 (reference) | 39/111 | 1.00 (reference) |
| None | Past | 92/110 | 1.13 (0.74 to 1.73) | 1.03 (0.66 to 1.61) | 50/110 | 1.11 (0.68 to 1.83) | 42/110 | 1.05 (0.62 to 1.77) |
| None | Current | 32/46 | 0.90 (0.51 to 1.59) | 0.90 (0.49 to 1.64) | 15/46 | 0.90 (0.45 to 1.81) | 17/46 | 1.03 (0.52 to 2.06) |
| Any | Never | 85/77 | 1.60 (1.03 to 2.49) | 1.67 (1.05 to 2.63) | 54/77 | 1.78 (1.08 to 2.95) | 31/11 | 1.18 (0.70 to 2.09) |
| Any | Past | 99/60 | 2.25 (1.43 to 3.52) | 2.23 (1.40 to 3.56) | 71/60 | 3.03 (1.83 to 5.03) | 28/60 | 1.28 (0.71 to 2.33) |
| Any | Current | 38/27 | 1.89 (1.03 to 3.47) | 1.91 (1.03 to 3.55) | 27/27 | 2.71 (1.41 to 5.19) | 11/27 | 1.10 (0.49 to 2.48) |
| Additive: | ||||||||
| AP1 (95% CI) | 0.23 (−0.15 to 0.61) | 0.24 (−0.15 to 0.63) | 0.38 (0.03 to 0.73) | 0.04 (−0.68 to 0.74) | ||||
| p For interaction | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.91 | ||||
| RERI | 0.52 (−0.40 to 1.44) | 0.54 (−0.41 to 1.48) | 1.14 (−0.17 to 2.44) | 0.06 (−1.31 to 1.08) | ||||
| Synergy index | 1.71 (0.54 to 5.40) | 1.77 (0.52 to 6.08) | 2.27 (0.71 to 7.27) | 1.24 (0.02 to 67.47) | ||||
| Multiplicative: | ||||||||
| p For interaction | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.93 | ||||
| Additive: | ||||||||
| AP2 (95% CI) | 0.21 (−0.35 to 0.77) | 0.18 (−0.42 to 0.78) | 0.38 (−0.10 to 0.85) | −0.10 (−1.22 to 1.02) | ||||
| p For interaction | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.12 | 0.86 | ||||
| RERI | 0.39 (−0.80 to 1.59) | 0.35 (−0.91 to 1.60) | 1.02 (−0.66 to 2.70) | −0.11 (−0.88 to 0.99) | ||||
| Synergy index | 1.80 (0.26 to 12.58) | 1.62 (0.25 to 10.36) | 2.49 (0.46 to 13.63) | 0.49 (0.00 to 2327.19) | ||||
| Multiplicative: | ||||||||
| p For interaction | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.85 | ||||
*Conditional logistic regression. †Conditional logistic regression, adjusting for parity, breast feeding and menstrual irregularity, and age at menarche, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use at diagnosis. ‡Unconditional logistic regression adjusting for year of birth, parity, breast feeding and menstrual irregularity, and age at menarche, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use at blood draw and at diagnosis.
AP, attributable proportion due to interaction, an index of additive interactions between binary smoking variable and binary HLA-SE genotype; RERI, relative excess risk due to interaction.