TABLE 2.

Secondary structures of PPARα and L-FABP proteins in the presence of glucose metabolites

	Regular α-helices	Distorted α-helices	Regular β-sheets	Distorted β-sheets	Turns	Unordered
	%	%	%	%	%	%
PPARα and L-FABP	21.1 ± 0.6	14.7 ± 0.3	10.5 ± 0.4	8.2 ± 0.2	20.9 ± 0.4	25.0 ± 0.4
0.0006 mM Glucose	9.7 ± 0.1a	9.9 ± 0.2a	19.7 ± 0.4a	9.0 ± 0.6c	21.6 ± 0.2	28.7 ± 0.2a
Theoretical	9.4 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.2	20.1 ± 0.4	9.9 ± 0.2	21.8 ± 0.2	27.7 ± 0.5
0.006 mM Glucose	10.2 ± 0.4a	10.3 ± 0.3a	19.3 ± 0.4a	10.2 ± 0.2a	21.4 ± 0.3	27.5 ± 0.6b
Theoretical	9.68 ± 0.39	10.4 ± 0.3	19.7 ± 0.3	10.1 ± 0.2	22.0 ± 0.5	27.2 ± 0.6
0.06 mM Glucose	11.8 ± 0.1a	10.7 ± 0.1a	16.3 ± 0.7a	9.3 ± 0.1a	22.9 ± 0.3c	28.8 ± 0.2a
Theoretical	9.8 ± 0.3d	9.4 ± 0.2d	19.7 ± 0.6e	10.1 ± 0.1d	21.7 ± 0.3	27.7 ± 0.3f
0.6 mM Glucose	12.2 ± 0.1a	10.4 ± 0.1a	16.5 ± 1.0a	9.5 ± 0.2a	22.0 ± 0.7	28.8 ± 0.6a
Theoretical	15.6 ± 0.5d	11.9 ± 0.2d	13.50 ± 0.63f	8.7 ± 0.2e	22.2 ± 0.6	27.9 ± 0.5
6 mM Glucose	10.5 ± 0.2a	9.7 ± 0.2a	18.2 ± 0.1a	10.7 ± 0.1a	22.3 ± 0.1b	28.0 ± 0.1a
Theoretical	16.0 ± 0.6d	12.5 ± 0.2d	13.4 ± 0.3d	9.0 ± 0.1d	22.4 ± 0.5	27.3 ± 0.3
20 mM Glucose	11.1 ± 0.2a	10.3 ± 0.2a	16.7 ± 0.3a	10.9 ± 0.2a	22.9 ± 0.1a	28.0 ± 0.2a
Theoretical	8.9 ± 0.3d	9.2 ± 0.4f	19.3 ± 0.7e	12.4 ± 0.3d	22.7 ± 0.5	27.6 ± 0.4
30 mM Glucose	12.1 ± 5.3c	15.8 ± 10.3	10.0 ± 2.0	13.1 ± 0.8a	20.3 ± 2.1	38.8 ± 5.3b
Theoretical	11.0 ± 4.8	6.1 ± 1.6	12.0 ± 2.1	12.8 ± 0.6	20.1 ± 2.2	36.9 ± 4.9
0.006 mM Maltose	18.8 ± 0.9	13.3 ± 0.5	10.9 ± 0.7	9.2 ± 0.4	23.2 ± 0.5	25.4 ± 0.9
0.06 mM Maltose	18.9 ± 0.5	12.9 ± 0.6	11.4 ± 0.6	8.9 ± 0.4	22.5 ± 0.5	25.8 ± 0.5
0.6 mM Maltose	22.2 ± 1.6	16.6 ± 1.9	8.1 ± 1.2	8.7 ± 0.6	22.0 ± 1.4	22.7 ± 2.1
6 mM Maltose	18.7 ± 5.2	13.9 ± 2.9	10.1 ± 3.0	9.2 ± 2.1	23.5 ± 1.8	24.8 ± 1.5
20 mM Maltose	6.2 ± 1.2b	7.4 ± 1.2b	22.6 ± 1.6	13.8 ± 1.6b	23.4 ± 1.3	24.7 ± 1.8
G-1-P	11.0 ± 0.2a	10.2 ± 0.2a	17.9 ± 0.7a	9.68 ± 0.13a	22.1 ± 0.3c	28.1 ± 0.2a
Theoretical	9.6 ± 0.3e	9.7 ± 0.4	20.3 ± 0.8f	9.7 ± 0.3	21.8 ± 0.3	27.7 ± 0.2
G-6-P	12.8 ± 0.2a	10.9 ± 0.2a	15.1 ± 0.7a	9.1 ± 0.2a	22.5 ± 0.4b	28.8 ± 0.4a
Theoretical	10.9 ± 0.2d	10.2 ± 0.2f	17.7 ± 0.7f	9.5 ± 0.2	22.3 ± 0.3	28.4 ± 0.3

Significant difference between experimental values and values for protein interaction without sugar or metabolite (PPARα and L-FABP); ^aP < 0.001, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.05. Significant difference between predicted values for protein mixtures with sugar or metabolite assuming no protein interaction (theoretical) and experimental values; ^dP < 0.001, ^eP < 0.01, ^fP < 0.05, n = 4–8. G-1-P, glucose-1-phosphate; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; L-FABP, liver fatty acid binding protein; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.