Table 1.

Estimated covariance parameters before the inclusion of any fixed effects, showing standard errors, the probability that each of the variance components was significantly different from zero using z-tests (see text) and the percentage of variance explained

(Estimates in bold had significant z tests. For the Bartonella species marked with ‘*’ there were problems estimating all random effects simultaneously. In these cases the forest*survey random effect was excluded.)

	Survey			Forest * survey			Site * survey			Residual
	Estimate (s.e.)	P	%	Estimate (s.e.)	P	%	Estimate (s.e.)	P	%	Estimate (s.e.)	P	%
Flea	1.10 (0.74)	0.07	49	0.06 (0.06)	0.13	3	0.11 (0.07)	0.05	5	0.96 (0.04)	<0.001	43
B. grahamii	2.64 (1.61)	0.05	68	0.03 (0.11)	0.39	1	0.47 (0.15)	<0.01	12	0.72 (0.03)	<0.001	19
B. doshiae*	0.05 (0.05)	0.20	4	NA			0.26 (0.11)	<0.01	22	0.88 (0.03)	<0.001	74
B. taylorii	0.24 (0.21)	0.12	18	0.13 (0.09)	0.08	9	0.02 (0.07)	0.39	1	0.96 (0.03)	<0.001	71
BGA*	2.07 (1.63)	0.10	63	NA			0.70 (0.27)	<0.01	21	0.50 (0.02)	<0.001	15