Table 1.
The proportions of herd in each category of each variable investigated during the study (May 2003–January 2004).
| Variable | Categories | No. of herds (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Traditional (n = 25) | Smallholder dairy (n = 105) | ||
| Sex† | Male | 22 (9) | 25 (6) |
| Female | 223 (91) | 384 (94) | |
| Brought in animals from previous years | Yes | 5 (21) | 29 (27.6) |
| No | 20 (79) | 76 (72.4) | |
| Grazing history | Zero grazing | 0 (0) | 76 (72.4) |
| Semi/free grazing | 25 (100) | 29 (27.6) | |
| Herd location | Periurban | 5 (20) | 37 (35.2) |
| Urban | 5 (20) | 53 (50.5) | |
| Rural | 15 (60) | 15 (14.3) | |
| Breeding system* | Own bull | 13 (52) | 13 (12.4) |
| Bull from outside | 12 (48) | 60 (57.7) | |
| AI | 0 (0) | 67 (63.8) | |
| Water source* | Tap | 4 (16) | 87 (82.8) |
| Rain water | 19 (76) | 35 (33.3) | |
| Shallow wells | 1 (4) | 11 (10.5) | |
| River | 18 (72) | 16 (15.2) | |
| Pond | 11 (44) | 23 (22.0) | |
| History of abortion | Yes | 3 (12) | 4 (3.7) |
| No | 22 (88) | 105 (96.3) | |
| Disposal of afterbirth | Yes | 8 (32) | 95 (90.5) |
| No | 17 (68) | 10 (9.5) | |
| Cattle going to water source | Yes | 25 (100) | 23 (22.0) |
| No | 0 (0) | 82 (78.0) | |
| Education level | Illiterate | 22 (88) | 63 (60) |
| Above primary | 3 (12) | 42 (40) | |
| Other training: livestock keeping | Yes | 4 (16) | 70 (66.6) |
| No | 21 (84) | 35 (33.3) | |
| Source of fodder* | Road side | Na | 75 (71.4) |
| Own established | Na | 27 (25.7) | |
| Bought in hay | Na | 12 (11.4) | |
| Contact with other animals* | Dairy to dairy | 0 ( 0) | 86 (82) |
| Dairy to zebu | 17 (68) | 19 (18) | |
| Contact sheep/goat | 22 (88) | 0 (0) | |
| Contact pigs | 0 (0) | 25 (23.8) | |
| Contact game | 9 (36) | 2 (1.90029 | |
| Place of contact* | Pasture | 23 (92) | 29 (27.6) |
| Watering point | 24 (96) | 26 (24.8) | |
| Dip | 6 (24) | 22 (20.9) | |
| Mating | 1 (4) | 28 (26.6) | |
| Housing (shoats) | 17 (68) | 17 (16.2) | |
*Proportion do not add up to 100% each category was treated as a binary variable; AI: Artificial insemination.
Na: not applicable;
†Sample size (traditional, n = 246; smallholder, n = 409).